Hemoglobin during pregnancy: the norm and deviations. Hemoglobin during pregnancy: norm and deviations Low hemoglobin in pregnant women

Hemoglobin is a complex protein that is part of erythrocytes and contains two parts: protein and iron. This item performs an important function of transporting respiratory gases in the body: oxygen from the lungs to all tissues and organs through the arteries and carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs through the veins.

Normal hemoglobin count during pregnancy

information Normally, the hemoglobin level in pregnant women is 110-140 g / l.

In the second trimester (on average, from the 20th week of pregnancy), blood volume begins to increase due to the development of the placental circulation. The blood becomes more liquid, the number of red blood cells decreases, and accordingly the level of hemoglobin decreases. This condition is physiological. If hemoglobin begins to decrease before 20 weeks or falls below the permissible values, then we can talk about the development of anemia.

Taking an analysis to determine hemoglobin

Determination of hemoglobin is one of the components of a complete blood count... The analysis is taken by puncturing the ring finger.

General blood test rules:

It is most optimal to donate blood in the morning on an empty stomach. In emergency cases, the analysis is taken at any time of the day, not earlier than an hour after eating;
It is advisable to exclude fatty fried foods from the diet in a day;
Not an hour before the test (the hemoglobin level will be increased);
Exclude physical and mental stress 10-15 minutes before taking blood;
Warn the laboratory assistant about taking any medications;
To hand over the analysis, if possible, in one laboratory.

Low hemoglobin during pregnancy

Anemia pregnant Is a pathological condition characterized by a decrease in the level of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood below 110 g / l.

Severity of anemia

Mild degree(hemoglobin level - from 110 to 91 g / l, erythrocytes - from 3.6 to 3.2 * 10 to 12 degrees / l);
Medium degree(hemoglobin level - from 90 to 71 g / l, erythrocytes - from 3.2 to 3.0 * 10 to 12 degrees / l);
Severe degree(the level of hemoglobin is below 70 g / l, erythrocytes are below 3.0 * 10 to 12 degrees / l).

Causes of anemia during pregnancy

The main factors that increase the risk of developing anemia during pregnancy:

Poor nutrition with insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals from food;
Constant exposure to toxic substances (living in ecologically unfavorable areas, working in hazardous industries);
Chronic infectious diseases;
Diseases of the endocrine, urinary and other systems;
Autoimmune diseases;
Multiple pregnancy;
Frequent childbirth.

Symptoms of low hemoglobin

Weakness, increased fatigue;
Pallor of the skin;
Deterioration of hair condition and;
Perverted taste (craving for inedible foods), addiction to certain smells;
"Jams" in the corners of the mouth;
Periodic involuntary urination due to the development of weakness of the sphincters;
Violations of the functioning of the cardiovascular system: shortness of breath, heart palpitations, a tendency to edema;
Signs of gastritis.

Diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy

Diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy is based on clinical signs and blood test data:

Decrease in the number of erythrocytes (less than 3.6 * 10 to 12 degrees / l);
Decreased hemoglobin level (less than 110 g / l);
Hypochromia (change in the color of red blood cells to pale pink);
Change in color indicator (less than 0.8);
Decrease in the average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte (less than 27 pkg);
Decrease in serum ferritin concentration (less than 10 ng / ml);
Change in the size and shape of red blood cells;
An increase in the level of platelets and a decrease in leukocytes to the lower limit of the norm are possible;
Increased ESR;
Increased reticulocyte count.

How to raise hemoglobin during pregnancy

additionally Treatment for anemia during pregnancy includes adherence to a special diet and iron supplements to increase hemoglobin levels.

Diet principles:

Food with an increased amount of vitamins;
The categorical exclusion of vegetarianism;
Increase in protein products (meat products, offal, fatty);
Reducing the amount of fat to 80 grams per day (excluding fatty fish, lard, lamb);
Getting carbohydrates from cereals, vegetables and fruits.

Foods with a high iron content:

Pork and veal liver, heart;
Veal, turkey;
Egg yolk;
Apricots, almonds, apples, spinach;
Stale bread;

Drug treatment

Taking iron supplements should be long-term since normalization of blood test indicators occurs only after 6-8 weeks.

In most cases, drugs are taken in the form of tablets, parenteral administration is prescribed according to strict indications:

Intolerance to oral iron preparations;
Peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcer;
Severe forms of anemia;
Iron absorption disorders when taken in pill form.

Of great importance is the intake of iron with additional components that help its more efficient absorption (ascorbic acid, folic acid).

To date, a number of combined preparations have been developed that include iron and the necessary components (totem, maltofer, ferrum lek, etc.).

Self-treatment is strictly prohibited., the necessary drug and the required dosage are prescribed only by the attending doctor with regular monitoring of a general blood test.

In severe forms of anemia, when there is a threat to the life of the mother and the child, the treatment of anemia is carried out with the help of blood transfusion (transfusion of erythrocyte donor mass).

Complications of anemia during pregnancy

Important Anemia can lead to a number of complications, both during pregnancy and during childbirth, therefore this pathological condition requires immediate and complete treatment.

Possible complications of anemia in pregnancy:

Premature termination of pregnancy;
Chronic fetal hypoxia;
Chorionic and placental hypoplasia;
Gestosis;
Weakness of labor;
Hypotonic bleeding during childbirth and the postpartum period;
Asphyxia of the newborn;
Hypogalactia (decreased milk production).

Prevention of anemia during pregnancy

Adequate nutrition, refusal of vegetarianism;
Timely treatment of infectious diseases (preferably during pregnancy planning);
Treatment of chronic diseases in cooperation with narrow specialists;
Preventive intake of iron supplements.

High hemoglobin during pregnancy

Information There is an opinion that only a decrease in hemoglobin level is dangerous during pregnancy, but this is not true. Persistent maintenance of high hemoglobin levels can also lead to a number of serious complications.

The main reasons for the increase in hemoglobin ^

Heredity;
Accommodation in high mountain areas;
Increased physical activity;
Lack of folic acid;
Diseases of the cardiovascular and urinary systems;
Dehydration (often observed with severe toxicosis, accompanied by excessive vomiting);
Diabetes;
Hypervitaminosis of B vitamins;
Intestinal obstruction;
Oncological diseases.

The clinical picture with increased hemoglobin

The clinical picture is similar to anemia: a woman is worried about increased weakness, fatigue, and drowsiness. In the presence of chronic diseases, an increased manifestation of their symptoms is characteristic.

Diagnostic measures

Diagnosis of high hemoglobin does not cause difficulties and is easily determined when decoding a general blood test. To identify the exact causes of this pathological condition, the doctor will prescribe a series of examinations for the pregnant woman

Eating a diet restricting iron-rich foods, animal fats and increasing consumption of fish and seafood;

Taking medications that thin the blood (, cardiomagnum);

Treatment of concomitant diseases.

Prophylaxis
Regular monitoring of the general blood test (when registering, 18, 28, 35 weeks);
Rejection of bad habits;
Detailed examination during pregnancy planning;
Timely treatment of chronic diseases.

A laboratory blood test is an important diagnostic method that allows you to assess the general condition of the human body. Often, the analysis shows hemoglobin 100. The decrease is not too large, but still requires attention. What does hemoglobin 100 in a woman say, and what to do in this case?

Normal indicators

In the fairer sex, the normal concentration of this protein depends on age. If a child is a week old, then the hemoglobin content is normally 130-215 g / l, in a month-old child - 101-180 g / l, in a teenager under 16 years old - 110-148 g / l.

In adult girls who have reached the age of 18, the indicator varies in the range of 119-140 g / l. This level has been maintained for a long time. Then, at an elderly age of 50-65 years, the hemoglobin level reaches 130-155 g / l.

Separately, we can say about women who smoke, are fond of sports. Their protein content is always high - 110-150 g / l. The group of pregnant women is also worth highlighting. In the first and third trimester, the hemoglobin concentration is 110-120 g / l, in the second - 105-120 g / l.

The level of hemoglobin in pregnant and non-pregnant women differs because physiological changes occur in the body during the period of bearing a child. The blood volume increases, so this protein becomes less. In this case, a lot of iron is spent on the formation of the placenta and the development of the fetus.

Hemoglobin

Symptoms of deviation

If a woman's hemoglobin is 100, this will definitely manifest itself. With a decrease in this indicator, the appearance worsens, therefore the deviation is noticeable even without a laboratory study.

Symptoms include the following:

The skin becomes pale or bruises appear on them. The skin becomes dry and flaky.
Nails lose strength, break.
Hair falls out a lot.
The face becomes puffy.

Hemoglobin 102 in women causes not only deterioration in appearance. A person may also feel physically unwell. It manifests itself in the following:

Weakness in the whole body, drowsiness.
Fast fatiguability.
Regular headaches.
Dizziness.
Lack of oxygen.
Pressure problems.
Loss of consciousness.

Headaches with anemia

Factors causing a decrease in the indicator

The reasons that the analysis shows a reduced hemoglobin 103 in a woman may be the following factors:

When the hemoglobin level is 98 g / l in women, all tissues and organs are affected. This is primarily reflected in the activity of the brain and central nervous system. The organs, receiving an insufficient amount of iron and other nutrients, begin to work worse. As a result, various pathologies develop.

In addition, with a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood, the functioning of the immune system deteriorates. Such a violation can cause serious negative consequences for a woman's health. She is exposed to colds, ages faster. Working capacity decreases, memory and attention deteriorate.

Important!!! Many people do not understand how severe complications can be with a low hemoglobin content, so they ignore it. This is a gross mistake that can turn into a serious pathology.

Deterioration of the brain

Low hemoglobin therapy

It is possible to increase hemoglobin 98 in women by adjusting the diet. It is recommended to include in the menu foods that contain a large amount of iron, activate the process of hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.

These products include liver, red meat, eggs, seafood, legumes, buckwheat, vegetables, fruits, herbs, nuts. For better iron absorption, avoid eating dairy products along with those that are rich in iron. There should be a break of at least 4 hours between meals.

You shouldn't drink alcohol or coffee. The last drink contains tannin, which helps to remove iron from the body.

If the hemoglobin level remains 103 and below, then the doctor may advise taking iron supplements along with other necessary elements. It could be Sorbifer, Ferumlek. Babies are often prescribed "Maltofer".

If hemoglobin 95 is found in women, vitamin therapy is definitely recommended. Usually substances are administered in the form of injections, folic acid is used in the form of tablets. If in the medical report of the doctor there is a diagnosis of "hypochromic anemia", then the doctor can prescribe erythropoietin, hemostimulin, which promote the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.

If anemia has arisen due to profuse bleeding, then first you have to get rid of the blood loss. If a lot of blood has gone out of your body, you may need a blood transfusion. After that, the patient is also advised to follow a diet, drink iron supplements, and lead an active lifestyle in order to raise hemoglobin.

The drug "Maltofer"

Difficulties in therapy, as a rule, are created by women and men themselves, who do not pay attention to the results of blood tests. And parents make a big mistake when they do not show their babies to the doctor when they find signs of anemia.

In no case should the decrease in hemoglobin in the blood be ignored. This is very dangerous, as it can lead to serious consequences. You should not also self-medicate. It is best to entrust your health to an experienced doctor.

How to increase the level of hemoglobin quickly: folk remedies, diagnostic methods

During pregnancy, women regularly undergo certain examinations and tests. One of the most important indicators that needs to be monitored is hemoglobin level... After all, hemoglobin is a blood protein that carries oxygen throughout all the cells of the body, which is necessary for a full-fledged metabolism, growth and tissue renewal. This is especially significant during pregnancy, since the unborn child is entirely dependent on the supply of oxygen to the mother's body.

Hemoglobin gives the blood a red color. The combination of heme, which is made up of an iron ion, and the protein globin, folded into a special structure, allows you to carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from tissues. Hemoglobin in the body is packed inside red blood cells called red blood cells. Therefore, the level of hemoglobin almost directly depends on their amount in the blood, in turn, the content of erythrocytes - on the full functioning of the bone marrow.

Changes in hemoglobin levels during pregnancy are associated with that in the body of the expectant mother a third, additional circle of blood circulation is formed - the placental one. It is due to the active movement of blood in the placenta that oxygen is supplied to the fetus and carbon dioxide is returned to them. Therefore, in a woman, the volume of blood circulating through the vessels increases, which leads to a change in the level of hemoglobin.

Normal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy

During pregnancy, hemoglobin levels may decrease. This is natural, since there is an increase in blood volume due to its liquid part - plasma. On average, the amount of blood to meet the needs of the placenta and the fetus increases by an average of one liter. However, the decrease in hemoglobin should be small and gradual, since a sharp drop in hemoglobin will lead to anemia (anemia) and to oxygen deficiency in the tissues of the mother, placenta and fetus.

The hemoglobin level can begin to decrease with the active growth of the uterus, placenta and fetus: from 16-20 weeks of pregnancy... Until this time, the hemoglobin index in expectant mothers should not fall below 115 hl. Its normal level during pregnancy is considered 106-140 hl, although many obstetricians-gynecologists consider 110 hl as the lower limit of the norm. In any case, the analysis data must be evaluated based on the iron content in the body, the total iron-binding capacity of serum and the transport protein ferritin. The state of health of a woman is of great importance: if she has never suffered from anemia, a level of 105 hl can be considered quite normal. While in an initially anemic mother, in giving birth at a short interval, in a vegetarian or a woman who has some kind of chronic disease, a hemoglobin level of 110 and below will already be a sign of danger.

Low hemoglobin in pregnant women

A decrease in hemoglobin levels below 105 hl is considered anemic... At the same time, obstetrician-gynecologists consider the indicator of 106-110 hl as pre-anemia and prescribe iron preparations as a prophylactic course to replenish its reserves and prevent a further drop in hemoglobin. According to the severity of anemia, they are divided into three groups:

mild anemia with hemoglobin levels from 105 to 90 hl,
moderate anemia with hemoglobin levels from 89 to 60 hl,
severe anemia with a hemoglobin level of 59 hl and below.

The main reason for the development of anemia is most often iron deficiency due to insufficient intake of it with food: due to a predominantly vegetarian diet, adherence to diets, etc. Also, a problem can arise during pregnancy in a woman who has a latent iron deficiency: when its reserves in the body are practically exhausted with sharply increasing costs for the needs of the baby. The causes of iron deficiency can also be small, but frequent blood loss - bleeding from the gums, hemorrhoids, menstrual, a short period of recovery of the body after blood loss in previous births.

Another cause of anemia can be a deficiency or vitamin deficiency, which is uncommon. But such anemia is more severe, affects the blood formation and development of the baby.
Also, a decrease in hemoglobin develops as a result of acute blood loss: with partial placental abruption, with bleeding from wounds, with increased destruction of red blood cells due to their hemolysis or a violation of the synthesis of red blood cells by the bone marrow. But this happens infrequently during pregnancy.

Manifestations of decreased hemoglobin in pregnant women

Symptoms of anemia will depend on the level of hemoglobin in the blood: the lower it is, the stronger and more acute the clinical manifestations will be. Usually, with hemoglobin from 105 to 90 hl, pregnant women experience practically nothing, except for the usual sensations of pregnancy. Although there may be increased drowsiness and lethargy, pallor.

Symptoms with a decrease in hemoglobin levels below 90 hl:

severe weakness and fatigue;
waxy pallor of the skin, lack of blush, pallor of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity;
dizziness, fainting, poor tolerance of hot and stuffy rooms;
shortness of breath and palpitations at the slightest exertion, when walking, changing body position;
headaches, insomnia;
flaking nails, split ends and dry hair, dental problems;
desire to eat inedible things - chalk, earth, whitewash, gnawing raw potatoes, sniffing solvent, gasoline.

During pregnancy, against the background of low hemoglobin, difficulties may arise: delayed growth and development of the fetus, the formation of defects, the threat of termination, premature birth, postpartum hemorrhage.

Ways to increase hemoglobin during pregnancy

The main way to increase hemoglobin levels during pregnancy is to take iron supplements in tablets or capsules. If they are poorly tolerated or have a very low hemoglobin level, an injectable form of drugs can be used. Taking medications should be long-term, systematic, since hemoglobin rises slowly - no more than 1-2 units per week. The drugs are prescribed in therapeutic doses until a normal hemoglobin level is reached, and later, to replenish iron stores in the body, for another one to two months in prophylactic doses.

The tablets must be swallowed between meals with water or fruit juices. Iron preparations are categorically incompatible with milk and dairy products. But vitamin C and folic acid increase the formation of red blood cells, so they are often prescribed in combination.

No less important is a diet rich in complete animal proteins: meat, offal and fish. Buckwheat, rye bread, eggs and pomegranates, nuts, spinach and beets are useful. However, it is worth remembering that only dietary correction with a decrease in hemoglobin is indispensable: during pregnancy with anemia, it is necessary to take iron-containing preparations.

Increased hemoglobin during pregnancy

Excess of the norm of hemoglobin above 135-140 hl during pregnancy, called erythrocytosis, is also not considered normal. It occurs as a result of a sharp increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood volume. This condition can be relative, that is, as a result of loss of blood plasma while maintaining the number of red cells, for example, , with dehydration or edema. Also, erythrocytosis can be absolute - as a result of irritation of the bone marrow and increased production of erythrocytes by it. This usually occurs with neoplastic processes, severe pathology of the heart or lungs.

Hemoglobin monitoring during pregnancy must be carried out constantly. Usually hemoglobin is checked in a general blood test, which is taken from a finger. Usually, a laboratory study is carried out in a woman at the first visit to a gynecologist, and later - if the indicator deviates from the norm - by the doctor's decision, but at least once a month. Regular screening is especially important when treating anemia and monitoring its effectiveness.

Hemoglobin- a protein contained in erythrocytes, it can form a fragile temporary connection with oxygen and carbon dioxide, that is, it is an intermediary in the process of tissue respiration.

Low hemoglobin during pregnancy: consequences

A decrease in hemoglobin during pregnancy can lead to the following troubles:

with insufficient quantity metabolic processes slow down, cells divide less frequently, and are less free from waste substances. All complex biochemical reactions are weaker or take a roundabout way;
baby's growth slows down, the immune system develops weaker, this threatens his frequent illnesses in the future, after birth;
the baby is born low, adapts less well to the new environment of life;
greater risk of complications during childbirth, for example, weakness of labor, a tendency to longer;
the woman is slowly recovering from childbirth, it is difficult for her to take care of the baby due to rapid fatigability.

What is the norm?

What is the norm for hemoglobin levels during pregnancy? It is considered that normal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy- 120-140 g / l or 12-14 units. Fluctuations of 10-15 g / l in one direction or another are permissible.

With such indicators, the tissues are sufficiently saturated with oxygen, and the blood viscosity is optimal, it calmly passes through the smallest capillaries.

During pregnancy, a woman's heart provides blood flow to both the mother's body and the placenta, so the amount of fluid in the vessels increases.

The inflow of additional volume occurs mainly due to plasma, which "dilutes" the blood and a natural decrease in hemoglobin occurs. But if there are no health problems, food is sufficient and complete, this the deficit is quickly liquidated.

Second critical period- after 20 weeks of pregnancy, when the baby begins to grow very quickly, its own blood cells are actively produced, iron stores are accumulated for independent life.

The mother's body shares its reserves with the child, and if there are enough of them, everything goes well. If, before that, a woman was often sick, was on a diet or was fond of vegetarianism, then the hemoglobin level in the pregnant woman sharply decreases.

What kind symptoms occur with anemia in pregnant women?

, drowsiness, fatigue.
a tendency to colds.
brittle nails and hair, dry and pale skin.
decreased mood, sleep disturbance.
dizziness, frequent.

How to improve performance?

Low hemoglobin levels should be increased during pregnancy. Treatment methods low (low) hemoglobin during pregnancy depends on the severity and degree of reduction.

With a mild course, the hemoglobin level is about 100 g / l, you can try first adjust the regime and nutrition... Adequate sleep, fresh air, and a reasonable amount of physical activity are essential for the wellbeing and success of therapy.

Balanced diet... If you analyze the word "hemoglobin" itself, you will notice that the second part, "globin", speaks of its protein origin, but iron is contained in the first part. Therefore, without enough protein in food, even the most modern drugs will be ineffective.

Iron is also preferred over animal sources, of the richest elements in buckwheat, a very small amount is absorbed.

Drug treatment... Prescribe iron tablets or syrups, in severe cases (rarely), injection solutions are used.

Taking these drugs requires the correct combination with food. Basic rule- do not combine them with milk, so if milk porridge is planned for breakfast, it is better to drink medicines at another meal.

But the digestibility of foods that contain vitamin C and... Often they are additionally prescribed by a doctor.

Here main products, without which the future mother should not do:
From the plant kingdom:

grains and legumes: buckwheat, beans, wheat germ;
fruits and berries: pomegranate (with caution if frequent), apples, peaches, apricots, quince. If you are not allergic to citrus fruits, you should definitely eat them and drink fresh juices. Dried fruits do not lose their effectiveness, the only thing is to make sure that no chemical reagents are used when drying them;
vegetables and herbs: spinach, parsley, carrots, cabbage of all kinds and in any cooking method, beets, pumpkin, onions;
it is imperative for a pregnant woman to eat at least a few walnuts every day, natural also works well.

From the animal kingdom:

lean beef and pork, beef tongue, fish, poultry;
contain a lot of iron and vitamins egg yolks, caviar, liver. The light and gentle curdled protein will help the liver and be fully absorbed by the body.

The main thing when drawing up a diet is sense of proportion and variety... If there are signs of allergy or intolerance, it is worth finding out the product - the source of the trouble and avoiding it.

If hemoglobin is elevated

Sometimes, somewhat less often, there are situations when hemoglobin is elevated(above 160 g / l).

This is considered the norm. for women living in mountainous areas, as part of the system for adapting to rarefied air. The same indicators may be for those who, before and during pregnancy, do not part with a cigarette.