, modern doll

Introduction

The doll is the best friend
At the beginning of a girl's life.
When girls grow up
Daughters play with their dolls.

Relevance of work

Every person's childhood is associated with favorite toys, which remained in the memory as close friends, as the embodiment of the warmth and significance of that irreversible time. But there is a huge amount of goods in a modern toy store. From such abundance, it just becomes bad. What kind of toys do modern children prefer? And how do newfangled toys affect our children? Do all toys bring up kindness, mercy, compassion in children, those human qualities that are so necessary nowadays not only for children, but also for adults?

Children's toys are very diverse, but the doll always takes the central place in the life of any girl. In the modern world, the doll is no longer assigned the same role as before. Previously, the doll was inextricably linked with a person, it was a symbol of procreation, a talisman for a child. At present, playing with dolls, every girl dreams and realizes her future life in the game. Among my contemporaries there are girls who love to play with dolls, and I am no exception.

The subject of my project is the modern dolls of the series "Monster High", "Barbie", "Bratz". I used to love to play with such dolls. These dolls have conquered the whole world in just a few years. Surprisingly, the sale of these toys created an unprecedented sensation in the toy industry market. The dolls were able to attract attention and win the hearts of not only the smallest buyers, but also adults. My friends and I are certainly no exception.

Once my mother forbade me to buy these dolls, watch cartoons with these characters. Why?

Tired of the daily arguments, I asked the class teacher's opinion. I was asked to conduct my own research, why many parents do not allow to play with dolls of the series "Monster High", "Barbie", "Bratz" and what effect these dolls have on girls.

I put forward two hypotheses:

• Dolls series "Monster High", "Barbie", "Bratz » have a negative effect on children.
• Modern dolls are in great demand, which means they are useful.

Purpose of the study: Explore the history of dolls and their impact on children.

I set myself tasks:

• get acquainted with the history of the appearance of dolls;
• collect information about modern dolls;
• find out which dolls are popular with my peers;
• to collect information on the influence of modern dolls on the development of girls;
• compare modern dolls of the "Monster High", "Barbie", "Bratz" series with ordinary dolls;
• based on the research work, create a presentation and convince the children of the importance of choosing dolls.

Object of study: dolls of the series "Monster High", "Barbie", "Bratz" and ordinary dolls.

Methods:

• work with literature;
• work on the Internet;
• questioning and survey;
• observation, comparison and analysis of dolls;
• work with computer.

Today, in stores, the modern buyer is offered various types of dolls. They are made from a variety of materials (mainly synthetic) and are supplied from various countries of the world. Some are more popular, others less for various reasons. Some of the buyers are interested in the price, others - in the quality of the goods. One of our tasks is to analyze how modern dolls are safe for children, which ones the buyer prefers and why.

Main part

Doll history

When did the first toy doll appear?

Archaeologists believe that dolls appeared more than 30 thousand years ago. They were made from mammoth bone and even then they were used in rituals. Perhaps it's all about the habit of relying on the spirit world. Rich little Egyptians played with dolls that had carefully sculpted faces, movable arms and legs, and real hair. They were made by the most skilled puppeteers. Scientists found many children's dolls in Italy, excavating the city of Pompeii. During the excavations of the legendary Troy, they found rattles along with dolls. The oldest Egyptian dolls are about 4 thousand years old. Archaeologists find the clown in the graves of little Egyptians. A doll is sometimes a rough block of arms, no legs. The heads were decorated with wigs made of wooden and string beads.

In Russia, the doll has been known since ancient times. Then the children played with faceless rag dolls made from the roots of trees, stones, straw, grain, grass, wax, clay, and even from ash and water. The doll was dressed up and decorated with various patches, but the face was not painted. According to popular belief, a doll without a face was considered inanimate and evil spirits could not move into it.

According to their purpose, dolls are divided into three groups:

• Dolls amulets
• Play dolls
• Ritual dolls

Dolls amulets:

In ancient times, it was believed that amulets dolls drive away evil forces, preserve well-being in the house, bring good luck and prosperity.

Dolls - angels were given as a birthday present.

Dolls - garden scarecrows protect crops and crops from birds and livestock.

The doll is a twist. This doll was not played with, it was kept in a chest and passed on to the bride on her wedding day.

The egg-capsule doll is a herbalist. It is filled with fragrant medicinal herb and drives away spirits, heals diseases.

The "Day and Night" doll was presented for the New Year - this is a talisman doll that guards the dwelling and its residents, it consists of two dolls. One - means day (light), the second (dark, blue) symbolizes night.

Play dolls:

Play dolls were intended for the amusement of children.

• doll "Log"
• doll "Twist"
• doll "Lady"

Ritual dolls:

It was believed that knives, scissors, needles should not be used in the manufacture of ritual dolls. Therefore, cloths and threads for dolls did not have to be cut, but torn.

• doll "Fertility"
• doll "Pokosnitsa"
• doll "Kupavka".

For quite a long time, Russian dolls remained homemade. And the first dolls made by craftsmen appeared in Sergiev Posad near Moscow in the 19th century. They make toys there to this day. And also in Sergiev Posad there is the only Toy Institute in our country, where new types of toys are invented. There is also a unique Toy Museum, where you can study the history of dolls. Now Sergievsk masters make dolls from different materials. And before they were famous for wood crafts - linden, alder, aspen and birch. At first, the carvers took a long time to prepare the wood: sometimes the chocks for the dolls lasted for two years. Only then were figures cut out of them and painted with bright colors.

At the end of the 19th century, the first factories for the production of plastic dolls appeared. Children began to play with dolls made of plastic and soft rubber. They were all the same height with different hair: straight, curly and beautifully dressed.

What were the first factory dolls called.

Wooden doll. In the 13th - early 14th century. the production of dolls was concentrated in the hands of craftsmen of narrow specialization in dolls. In various regions of Europe, the foundations of the puppet shop department are beginning to be laid. Fairs remained the main place of sale of dolls. The dolls were carved by basket-turners, and dice makers made them from ivory, ivory, and brass.

Wax doll. At the end of the 16th-17th centuries, wax dolls appeared in Europe. Dolls were made from beeswax, discolored and colored, containing various additives to enhance strength. During the era of industrial revolutions, wax dolls were widely popular in many countries.

A porcelain doll. In the family of industrially created toy dolls, porcelain dolls take their rightful place. At the dawn of the 18th century, the secret of obtaining porcelain was discovered in Germany, which marked the beginning of European porcelain production.

Russian nesting doll. The bright matryoshka, known to the whole world, has become a puppet symbol of Russia - no tourist will leave us without this painted Russian peasant girl. It owes its origin to an old Japanese sage. He carved them out of wood, and inside they contained a whole family of figures inserted one into the other. They portrayed Fukuruma - a deity of happiness and longevity, and five figures inside - gods of a lower rank. Once this traditional Japanese toy was seen by the Russian artist S.V. Malyutin. He immediately sketched a Russian version of the funny figure on paper. VP Zvezdochkin, a turner of the Moscow workshop "Children's Education", made a shape for her, and Malyutin painted it himself. "The real Matryona!" Someone exclaimed when they saw the doll. And they named her Matryoshka. This Russian beauty won the hearts of lovers of folk toys. Now she is a traditional souvenir of Russia and a symbol of her culture.

Modern dolls

Currently, modern children play with dolls "Monster High", "Barbie", "Bratz". Many girls prefer to play with a Barbie doll. She looks like a real beauty who came off a fashion magazine.

• "Baby Bon" is a baby doll that looks very much like a small real child. Baby Bon can speak, cry and laugh.
• "Bratz" in translation from English means: mischievous child. These dolls appeared in 2001 and are now very popular in Russia. Films and cartoons have been created about them. Girls want to be like these dolls.
• Monster High is an American fashion doll series created by Garrett Sander and illustrated by Kellee Riley. The official release took place in July 2010. The characters in this series are inspired by horror films and classic monster stories, making Monster High stand out from other fashion dolls. The name of the trademark contains the word "Monster", and the logo depicts a "skull with a red bow". It is believed that the line of the Monster School competes with Barbie. Most of the characters in the series are associated with the images of famous monsters such as Dracula, Frankenstein's Monster, Werewolf, Cleopatra, Phantom of the Opera, Banshee. List of characters: Draculaura - daughter of Dracula; Clawdeen Wolf - daughter of the Werewolf; Lagoona Blue - daughter of the Sea Monster; Cleo de Nile - daughter of the Mummy; Ghoulia Yelps - daughter of the Zombie; Deuce Gorgon is the son of Medusa the Gorgon ... These names alone speak volumes.

Some condemn modern dolls, and some adore, saying that they are bad for children and adolescents. Let's try to figure out why this is happening.

Research part

The opinion of psychologists

I decided to ask our school psychologist how games with dolls from the Monster High series can affect for the development of girls. She reported that toys of this orientation do not carry any positive information, are harmful to the psyche. Basically, they cause fear, and fear triggers aggression - the more the child comes into contact with fear, the more aggressive, anxious, nervous he becomes. As a result, it turns out badly to build relationships with peers and parents. Any toy carries information, helps to learn the world around, and gives room for imagination. It's easy to guess what kind of fantasies scary toys give rise to. And if toys stimulate the child's imagination and actions aimed at causing physical harm (in our case: a torture bed or lockers in the form of coffins with locks in the form of skulls), then they give rise to cruelty in the child, a desire for violence, moreover, develop a habit of him ... Parents should remember this toy isn't just for fun. While playing, the child is sure to learn something. Therefore, it is necessary to be vigilant and not buy toys that are harmful to the psyche of a little person.

What is the opinion of parents and children?

I managed to find out these materials by studying social networks. Harm and benefits are also actively discussed here. Some are negative, some are positive. In toy stores, the eyes of both children and parents run up. When buying another expensive beauty, parents rarely think that a doll can bring not only benefit, but also harm.

One thing is certain that 90% of girls adore Monster High, Barbie, Bratz. Various groups are created on social networks in which contests are held. On YouTube, girls gain 1000 views in 3 days, shoot videos about dolls and have conversations. But on one thing, the debaters are unanimous: children's toys are a really serious thing. And before these dolls appeared on the shelves, there was little discussion in society about how dolls, bears, dragons affect the younger generation. If the sanitary and hygienic indicators of toys are still monitored, then no one controls their appearance, although such toys can adversely affect the character of the child and his psyche. Back in 2002, the Russian Ministry of Education sent proposals to the government to create a body that would deal with the social, psychological and pedagogical examination of toys. Neither in Russia nor abroad there are methods for conducting such examinations, and there are no official criteria for their conduct.

Questionnaire

As part of my research, I conducted a survey among girls in grades 4 "A" and 4 "B". This was done in order to find out what kind of dolls modern children prefer to play. 26 girls were interviewed. They were asked to answer the following questions:

We got the following results:

All the girls surveyed answered positively to the first question, which means that all the girls in the 4th grade of our school play with dolls.

On the second question, we got the following results:

My assumptions came true. Most girls choose the Monster High doll. This is their idol. But they want to be like and behave like their idol.

For one of the class hours, the girls in our class were asked to bring their favorite doll. Among the variety of modern dolls, there is only one “Katya doll”.

Comparison and analysis of dolls

At this stage, I decided to identify the advantages and disadvantages of modern dolls and choose the optimal doll for the correct development of the girl. I considered the dolls according to the following criteria:

• Appearance
• The value of a doll for a girl

	Appearance	The value of a doll for a girl
Monster High	Characters are monsters with inherent characteristics: vampire fangs, zombie eyes, unnatural skin color, hair, with horns, there are scars all over the body. In addition, the clothes that girls from monster school dress in are too revealing for underage children and adolescents.	The motto of this series is "Be yourself, be unique, be a monster!" The manufacturers of these dolls assure that they are kind. How can a doll be considered kind when manufacturers offer to put them to sleep in a coffin ?!
	Beauty doll. A grown woman stepped off the cover of a fashion magazine. The doll has a variety of outfits, houses, cars and pets. It can be washed, combed, dressed in nice clothes. She can change profession, accompanied by the appropriate accessories.	Forms in the girl: - the cult of beauty and material values; - the desire for consumerism; - low self-esteem (an ordinary girl does not fit the Barbie standard in any way, which is why she begins to feel ugly, fatties, etc.) - the child's lack of the opportunity to live parental roles - you can't swaddle a Barbie and you can't put it to sleep.
	Enlarged head, almond-shaped painted eyes, full lips, very small nose and bright makeup. The body is lean with a short torso and long legs with enlarged feet. In standard dolls, the legs are bent to "clicks", the arms are spread apart, the shoes "snap off" together with the lower part of the leg.	Girls are delighted with them and try to imitate their favorites. From playing with such dolls, the child will have an incorrect perception of the beauty of the world around him.
Regular dolls	The dolls look like little girls with appropriate age characteristics: chubby legs, arms and a healthy blush on the face.	You can walk with the doll, comb your hair, change clothes. Swaddling and cradling a doll, the girl tries on the role of a mother, trains her to be. It is with such a doll that the girls play the exciting game "Mothers and Daughters". This simple game forms the experience of relationships and is the basis of family communication skills at an older age, develops attention, responsibility, and kindness in a girl.

Based on the results of the comparison of dolls, I can conclude that only ordinary dolls can help a girl grow into a harmonious and comprehensive personality. Select dolls so that they perform the functions that they are intended for correctly. Playing with a doll is a reflection of a girl's life.

So: in the course of my research, the first hypothesis was fully confirmed - Dolls of the series "Monster High", "Barbie", "Bratz" have a negative impact on children.

Conclusion

Work on the topic "Modern dolls: benefit or harm?" was exciting and interesting. I have used various methods. After analyzing the theoretical material, I came to the conclusion that not all dolls are as harmless as it seems to us, which I subsequently confirmed in practice.

The doll should form an understanding of beautiful and ugly, good and bad, good and evil. A doll for a girl is not just fun, but a cultural tool with which she masters a huge complex world, discovers social relations for herself, learns to control her behavior, and assimilates the moral norms of society. And this is not just a beautiful toy, it is essential for the psychological health of the child. While playing with them, on the basis of these images, the child forms a vision of what a girl should be like.

My work can be a good lesson for girls and teenagers.

Offers:

• pay the closest attention of parents to the choice of dolls;
• to acquaint parents of students with information about dolls;
• conduct a conversation - a presentation for primary school girls.

Bibliography

1. Dolls of the world. Publishing house Avanta +, 2007.
2. Abramenkova V., "Caution:" anti-toy ". Preschool Education Magazine; 2005.
3. Popular scientific edition for children "Dolls" by N. G. Yurin. 2002.
4. www. Slovo - online.ru
5. A. Likum.Encyclopedia for children "All about everything." Moscow 1993.
6. School of Monsters Magazine, 2013.

Appendix No. 1.

Application form.

1. Do you like to play with dolls?

2. What dolls do you like the most?

GBOU SOSH village Komsomolsky

Research

« The role of the doll in the life of adults »

Performed:

Smolyakova Anastasia

6B grade student

Supervisor:

Nikiforova

Elena Anatolyevna

2015 g.

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Theoretical part ……………………………………………………………… 4

Practical part ………………………………………………………………. 7

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… 8

Introduction.

We know that children play with dolls. And when I saw the puppet show on TV, I realized that adults also play with dolls! Only this is their job. I wondered: who else from the adults “plays” with dolls? This is how the idea for this study came about.

Theme:"The role of the doll in the life of adults."

Target: to identify the role of the doll in the life of adults.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the history of the appearance of dolls in Russia;

Find out what games adults "play" with dolls.

Conduct a survey of adults.

Summarize the data obtained, draw a conclusion.

An object research: dolls

Research methods:

Analysis of literature, information on the Internet on this topic;

Sociological survey, questioning;

Analysis of the results, generalization of the data obtained.

Theoretical part.

Toys appeared on earth a long time ago... In the dictionary of the Russian language, compiled by V. Dahl: "A toy is a little thing made for fun, play or fun." The State Toy Museum is located in the city of Zagarsk. The museum is housed in a beautiful building. The museum was founded in 1918 by a gifted person, a connoisseur of children's toys, Nikolai Dmitrievich Bartram. He wanted the children in this museum not only to be able to look at toys, but also to play board games, fold the alphabet, read books, and watch puppet shows.
A doll is something that is next to us throughout our childhood. She not only relieves the child of boredom, but helps to develop taste, get acquainted with the culture and history of different countries. The word "doll" is able to recall an image beloved from childhood. And the toy itself also has a unique ability: it knows how to surprise. And not only kids, but also adults. One of the first, so-called, peg, doll of the 17th century. It is made from a single piece of wood, so it has no "joints"
And she can't move. Such dolls were a church attribute for creating scenes on biblical themes.
Made wax dolls in^ 19th century England masters G. Pierotti and A. Montanari.
Wax was the first material from which dolls were made on a productive basis. Because of its fragility, wax was used only to create the head and neck of the toy (occasionally the limbs). The body of such dolls was rag.
Wigs were made separately, sometimes even by other craftsmen. Tiny strands of hair were inserted into the wax that had not yet cooled down, one after the other, and after a while the "young ladies" acquired a fashionable and luxuriant hairstyle.
In France in the 19th centuryin the factory of the Bru dynasty craftsmen made dolls called
"Fashionable Lady". They were exhibited in stores, "informing" French women about the latest fashion.
Early 20th century in Germany at the Kemmer & Reinhart factory surprised with dolls where there is a cradle with two smiling red-cheeked babies. These kids are called "Kaiser Bebe" means "imperial child".
Rare doll "grandmother who knits". If you start it, music sounds, the knitting needles in the hands of the good old woman will begin to move, and the kitten sitting at her feet will play with a ball of thread.
There are automatic dolls. For example, two young French women with wonderful air hats: one reads a book, then, taking the lorgnette aside, looks around sternly. And the second blows real soap bubbles out of the tube.

Brightness of exotic costumes attract attentionjapanese dolls... Cellluloid doll "Cupee" is a funny baby doll with big eyes, a kind smile and a tuft.

Among the earliest dolls that have come down to us were those of the ancient Egyptians. The Egyptians made them of wood and decorated them with beads.

It is believed that initially dolls were used as elements of the ritual: they replaced a person during sacrifices, served as amulets and idols. They used a doll-amulet when they wanted to get rid of some misfortune. They took her in hand and turned her counterclockwise three times and said: turn away with evil, turn with good. The dolls were “registered” in the Russian hut for life. In each house, near the stove, twelve fever-dolls were sure to “live”. they protected the owners from various diseases.

The doll appeared in Russia more than 1000 years ago. The very first dolls in Russia were made from ash. It was taken from the hearths and mixed with water. Then a ball was rolled up, and a skirt was attached to it. Such a doll was called "Baba" - a female deity. "Baba" was passed along the female line from grandmother to granddaughter. This doll was not playful in nature, but was a talisman. Most of the dolls in Russia were amulets.
The main feature of Russian folk dolls is a clear face, without a nose, mouth and eyes. Because, according to old beliefs, it was believed that "if you don't draw a face, then evil spirits will not enter and will not bring harm to either a child or an adult."

Currently, more than 90 types of various dolls are known: amulet, ritual and play.

There are many dolls in each group, we will consider only some of the most interesting "representatives".

Grain or - Krupenichka- Inside a bag full of cereals, she protected wealth. It was made after harvest, the bags were stuffed with cereals or grain. In winter, children were allowed to play. The grain was filled with childish energy, goodness, and in the spring it was mixed with grain for sowing so that the harvest was richer.

Play dolls were made by the mother in order to teach the child about life while playing. Our ancestors were so wise! For example, a bunny on a finger is the baby's first toy. It would seem that everything is so simple, but the child will not throw it away anymore, he drives with his pens, he entertains himself.

The most famous ritual doll is Maslenitsa.
The home carnival was in the house. If someone offended a woman, she would tie a knot on the doll's hem and tell her her misfortune. By the time Maslenitsa came, the doll was often all hung with ribbons. And then these dolls were thrown into the fire, all problems and worries went away with fire, and a new Maslenitsa was made for the house.

So, since ancient times, Russian dolls have combined sacred and playful tendencies. Various magical properties were attributed to them. Mascot dolls were carefully kept in every family and were inherited.

But the origin of this doll has not been reliably clarified.

Petrushka is one of the characters in Russian folk puppet shows. Russian puppeteers used marionettes (string puppet theater) and parsley glove puppets (in Russia, only men "took" Parsley). The first mention of Petrushka dates back to 1636. Few people know that in addition to the name, this character had a patronymic and surname - Peter Ivanovich Uksusov.

About one doll in the new dictionary of the Russian language by the author T.F. Efremova said so.

« Russian toy in the form of a painted wooden doll, inside of which there are the same smaller dolls. " Another toy is a matryoshka doll.

It is surprising that our dear nesting doll has a Japanese relative who became its predecessor.

According to one version, the Japanese deity Fukurumu, a detachable toy, interested the artist Sergei Malyutin, and he decided to do something similar. He sketched a chubby young lady in a colorful headscarf.

He ordered the best turner of the Sergiev Posad workshops, Vasily Zvezdochkin, to make his creation.

Some historians claim that the name "Matryoshka" comes from the beloved and common name Masha in Russia, others - that this name is from the female name of Matryona, Matryosh. This name was associated with the mother of a large family. Subsequently, it became a household name.

So, I found out that the doll appeared in Russia a very long time ago. She accompanied a person throughout his life, performing various functions: ritual, cult, educational, entertainment. As time went on, the doll was more and more perceived as a toy. It was made from various materials. In various years, rag and wooden dolls appeared.
While working on the project, I conducted a research: What dolls do our girls prefer to play with? Survey and testing showed that:

- 60% of girls love to play with a Barbie doll.

- 25% prefer the Baby-Bon doll.

- 10% choose the Bratz doll.

- 5% play with plastic dolls. Children of all generations love to play with a doll, and our research shows that the leaders among modern children are the Barbie doll and Baby-Bon.

Nowadays, on the shelves of shops you can see many beautiful toys, all of them are made in a factory way, which means they are deprived of the warmth of the soul of their creators. We believe that children should see not only toy robots and dolls released in large editions, but also toys made by the hands of a master who put his soul, his skill and his dreams and desires into them. Each designer doll is unique, it has its own story and its own image.

The practical part. I also conducted a survey of adults. The processing and analysis of the data obtained allowed me to draw some conclusions about the place of the doll in the life of a modern person. Consider the results of this stage of the study.

During the research, it turned out that the role of the doll is not so small. 30 people took part in the survey. 24 of them have dolls in their house and their purpose is very different. In the majority, of course, a doll - a toy for children (slide) - 15 people, but as we can see, there is a doll - a mascot - 5 people, a decorative element and an interior element - 4 people, a device for something - 6 people. The house becomes more cheerful and comfortable when there are dolls.

But it turns out that dolls are necessary for a person and at work. (slide)

(Used in work - 17 people, in total - 30 people).

Most of the respondents use dolls in their professional activities. It turned out (slide) - that for teachers and educators - (8 people) dolls help to make the learning and upbringing process more successful.

For sellers - (5 people) the use of dolls - mannequins allows you to advertise and sell products.

Medics - (6 people) need dolls too! Almost every pediatrician's office has a doll to comfort babies when they cry. Dolls mannequins, allow you to train medical students. Even expectant mothers are taught by doctors using dolls for babies.

It turns out that confectioners - (1 person) “play” with dolls. They use them to decorate cakes.

As a result of the survey, it turned out that dolls are needed not only for work. There are people who collect dolls. This is their hobby, an activity for the soul (slide) - out of 30 respondents, 5 people collect dolls.

Conclusion

So, in the course of my research, I learned that a doll is not just a children's toy, for some it is a collection item, for others it is an element of home comfort, a guarantee of good luck, happiness, and for someone it is an assistant in work.

It turns out that adults also "play" with dolls, only in their own way.

7.

The world of dolls is full of surprises and mysteries. The doll is the first among toys. She has been known since ancient times, remaining forever young. Its history can be traced from the time of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids to the present day. She is not affected by time, she still finds her way to the hearts of children and adults.

Everywhere where a person settles and lives, from the harsh snow-covered Arctic expanses to the sultry waterless sands of the desert, the doll is his constant companion. It is simple, but in this simplicity lies a great mystery. A doll is not born by itself: it is created by a person. She finds life through the imagination and will of her creator. As part of the culture of all mankind, the doll retains in its image the originality and characteristic features of the people who create it.

The dolls have had a wide variety of purposes. At first, human clay figures were installed as guardians of the departed. Later they began to be sacrificed to the gods in order to protect themselves from misfortune and disease.

A lot of unusual, inexplicable, frightening and incomprehensible things were happening around primitive man. Who sent all this to earth? Of course, some kind of higher and powerful forces-gods. People began to worship gods, ask for mercy and protection. This is how idols, idols and idols - images of gods - appeared. Usually they were made in the form of human figures. It turns out that these were the very first dolls.

When did the dolls appear? Some scientists believe that simultaneously with the appearance of man. Others, that we ourselves are toys of higher powers. Still others say that toy objects are made by the person himself.

Exploring history, we can understand that in the ancient world, dolls were used not only for games, but also for rituals. These were the ancestors of folk toys.

Until now, art critics cannot answer the question: did the toy doll originally exist as an independent cultural phenomenon, or is it secondary in comparison with ritual functions? Most researchers are of the opinion that the doll did not become a toy immediately. And that's why. In the deepest antiquity, in the early stages of the development of society, there was no difference between the creation of objects of a religious cult and the creation of a toy; the world of children was little different from the world of their parents in the sense that a child entered adulthood early, adhering to its values. That is why ancient dolls were not exactly toys. They had a different purpose: participation in rituals, festivities, they were placed in graves or burned as an atoning sacrifice. Passing into adolescence, the child devoted the toys of his childhood to the gods, as did, for example, the young Greeks and Romans.

The development of civilization has increased the period of childhood, which has complicated the design of the toy, its specialization. The doll has become a childish, special and independent cultural phenomenon. Gradually, the toy turned into a means of educating and educating a child.

So, a doll is a toy made in the form of a human figurine. So the person tried to show the similarity of the doll with the person. And this is worth thinking about. In Russian, the word "doll" is an animated noun. Animated means it has a soul! The master puppeteer, putting his soul into his work, like a creator, creates a semblance of a person. He believes that such a doll will help in grief and share happiness.

Types and purposes of folk dolls

Dictionaries, as a rule, give two main interpretations of the word "doll" - as a toy and as a figure in a theatrical performance. Sometimes the doll is also referred to as a figure on display in a display case. However, the real story of the doll goes beyond dry book definitions. Regardless of what role a doll played in a particular region in a particular historical epoch, it is obvious that the concept of “doll” is rather complex and multifaceted.

Dolls differ: o in appearance; o by the degree of complexity of their manufacture; o by tradition and place of origin; o by material of manufacture; o by functional features

Folk dolls, according to their purpose, are divided into three large groups: dolls - amulets, play and ritual dolls.

Amulet doll. This is a special category of dolls. At first, the doll was a "toy", and then it became a protection against diseases, misfortunes and all kinds of evil spirits. She, as it were, replaced a person, diverted evil forces to herself and thereby took care of her master. That was her name: amulet or bereginya. It was believed that in the manufacture of amulet dolls it was unacceptable to use piercing and cutting objects that could injure a person. Therefore, rags and threads for future dolls did not have to be cut, but torn.

In the mythological consciousness of our ancestors, the human body, like many surrounding objects, absorbed the three worlds of the Universe. These are the upper, middle and lower worlds. The head personified the Sky. It is no coincidence that Russian women have always covered their heads with a scarf. The doll's head also had something to hide. Its stuffing was rolled like a ball from a fleece of one's own hair and animal hair, from a tow, hemp flakes, and rags. The filling of the dolls was both ash and cereals, both burnt-out and incipient life. The image of the face in the doll was prohibited, and this ban was in effect for a long time. Its observance was strictly monitored by the elders. Village women believed that the doll did not need a face at all: there should be no extra eyes in the house. Eyes, nose, mouth, ears, even painted ones, are the gates through which both good and evil forces penetrate into our world. The spherical head symbolized the sun, expressing stability, security, eternity. The body of the doll is a connection with the lower world - with the world of the ancestors. The absence of legs is explained not by the fact that our ancestors did not know how to make them, but by the fact that the doll does not run away, because she is also a member of the family, they value her. The doll was supposed to give rest, so the hands were not depicted. And when they began to master their hands, they were hollow, without brushes. This was done so that the ancestors did not harm. Not only baby dolls were amulets. There lived dolls-brownies in the houses. By the way, even now city dwellers are trying to acquire or make themselves a brownie doll or a “berekinya” doll of the hearth.

Play doll. The doll is the oldest and most popular toy. She is a must-have companion of children's games and the most accessible work of art for children. Play dolls were meant for children to play.

Dolls were made not only from rags, but from clay, wood, bone, straw, thread and even cheese. The oldest cloth dolls that have come down to us were made in the second half of the 19th century. Children all over the world played with fabric dolls. The cloth doll was a favorite toy of both a little princess and a peasant girl. These dolls were made with their own hands with invention and love. While the children were young, mothers, grandmothers, elder sisters sewed dolls for them. From the age of five, each girl could make herself a doll. The embroidered pattern that once adorned the doll's outfit was also not accidental. Each of its elements had a magical meaning.

The word "pattern" meant "ghost", that is, "supervision". On the doll's dress, as well as on the costume of an adult, they embroidered: o circles, crosses, rosettes - signs of the sun; o female figurines and deer - symbols of fertility; o wavy lines - signs of water; o horizontal lines - signs of the earth; o rhombuses with dots inside - the symbol of the sown field; o vertical lines are signs of a tree, eternally living nature.

But, even when the doll became just a toy (a face appeared), a reverent, careful and respectful attitude towards her was still preserved in the customs of ordinary people. In Russian peasant families, playing with dolls was not considered empty fun. On the contrary, she was encouraged in every possible way. The peasants believed that the more and harder the child plays, the more prosperity there will be in the family and the more prosperous life will be. And if the dolls are mistreated, play carelessly and slovenly - troubles are inevitable. Baby girls, teenage girls, and girls of marriageable age also played with dolls. They took their dolls to gatherings, to visit, in the field. The beauty of the homemade doll was judged on the taste and skills of its mistress. It happened that the girl took a basket with dolls with her when she got married, and played with them in a minute, free from work and other worries, until she herself had a daughter. Then the dolls passed to the girl "by inheritance".

The dolls were carefully stored and never thrown away. The doll actually played a very important role. With the help of it, the older generation could pass on, and the younger to accept, preserve and pass on further the accumulated life experience.

Ritual doll. There was a time when dolls saved lives of people, replacing a person in the rituals of sacrifice. Our ancestors had a terrible custom: to appease the gods, they sacrificed people to them. But once it occurred to someone to offer the gods a doll instead of a living person. They took an ordinary log, dressed it in a scarf and a sundress and sacrificed it to the gods. The gods accepted the sacrifice. So the log doll saved the man. Other dolls appeared - stuffed animals, which were sacrificed to various gods. Each doll had its own name: Kostroma, Morena, Kupalo, Yarilo, Maslenitsa, Pokosnitsa, and others. The semantic content of the ritual actions of our ancestors combined the idea of ​​the revival of life, fertility, and well-being. In rituals and ceremonies, there is a desire to invoke the forces of nature for the necessary agricultural actions. The sacrificial rites have become real holidays. Dressed up dolls with songs were carried on their hands, danced around them, started games, then "given" to the gods - drowned in rivers, burned at bonfires, scattered across the fields. And in return they asked for happy love, good harvests, health.

Many ritual dolls are popular in our time. For example, familiar to everyone, "Maslenitsa". The doll is made of straw or bast in human height. It is fixed on a wood crosspiece. Straw, like wood, embodies the exuberant power of vegetation. Clothes on the doll should be with floral patterns. Ribbons are hung on her hands, tying them, people make wishes. These ribbons, for wishes to come true, must be burned along with the doll.

So, folk dolls are not only toys, but also close friends. They look like people. Initially, the doll served as both a totem and a ritual symbol, later turning into a children's toy.

The most inspired doll makers are children. A doll is a visible mediator between the world of childhood and the world of adults. Through the puppet world, children enter life as full members of society, and for adults this is the only opportunity to return to the world of childhood. In games with dolls, children learn to communicate, fantasize, create, show mercy, train their memory. Dolls accompany us all our lives. A folk doll can be a toy, a talisman, or participate in ritual activities.

Dolls - amulets

From birth to death, the Russian man was accompanied by dolls. In the old Russian village, people were deprived of that basic medical care, as we understand it today. The birth of a child was dangerous both for himself and for his mother. The peasants believed that evil spirits were trying in every possible way to harm defenseless people. To deceive the evil spirits, numerous rituals were performed.

The peasants very carefully prepared for the appearance of a child in the family. When a woman gave birth to a child, the husband or the whole family would sit down and make a “couvadok”. They were hung in the bathhouse in front of the entrance or so that they were not visible, but they saw the woman in labor and absorbed all the pains. Together with swaddling clothes, a diaper with a corner from the evil eye, and a blanket, a “diaper” doll was built for the future baby. The toy was rolled up from colored rags, and put in an empty cradle for now: to live in, warm up. And when the baby was born, the doll was laid with him in order to confuse the evil spirits. The doll was in the crib before the baptism of the child, in order to take on all the misfortunes that threaten the child who is not protected by the cross.

They made a "diaper" without a needle and without scissors - it was impossible to cut or prick, because this talisman was invested in maternal strength and care, which were supposed to protect the baby. This doll reproduced the attitude of Russian peasants. It was believed that limiting movement would make the child invisible to evil spirits, therefore, almost the entire first year of life, the infant spent in the cradle tightly swaddled.

They tried to ensure the conception of a child with magic. So, during the wedding, a diaper was put on the lap of the newlywed. It was believed that after this maternal power comes to the wife.

The child was also made a doll - "insomnia", which guarded the baby's sleep. As a rule, these dolls were small in size. The sleep-bearer was hung over the head of the bed. They believed that she drives away bad dreams.

Putting the child to bed, the mother used to say: "Do not play with my child, but play with this doll!"

As a birthday present, they made a doll - "an angel". This is a simple, but very cute doll - a talisman that existed in many provinces of Russia. It was made using an old traditional technology, with only scraps of light-colored fabric and thread at hand.

I was interested in the question: why was the amulet doll faceless? It turns out that there is more soul and warmth in her facelessness than in a doll - the likeness of a person. The meaning of this is much deeper. It was believed that if the doll was very much like a person, an evil spirit could enter it. A doll without a face was considered inaccessible for the instilling of evil forces into it.

In Russia, and among many Slavic peoples, there was a huge variety of rag dolls. There is one more doll that accompanied the child from childhood and until it “left”, that is, it was torn and spoiled. This is a "Vepsian doll". It belongs to the northern people - the Vepsians, such a doll is also called "cabbage" for its many skirts. It was made from old material things, without the use of a needle and scissors. This is so that the child's life is not cut and chopped. This doll was a talisman. The Vepsian doll is distinguished by a pronounced social and gender identity - it is the image of a married woman. This doll was the keeper of the hearth, wealth and well-being. The details of the doll are not sewn together. It is made from scraps of worn-out clothes, from which the threads are pulled for tangling and tying together the parts of the doll.

Previously, for any holiday in the family, they made a doll, into which a particle of the soul was invested. Therefore, it was considered a sin to throw away such dolls. They were carefully put into a chest. The rag berezhina was given not only to the baby. Such a doll, made with her own hands, was given by the mother to her daughter before the wedding, blessing her for marriage. In each house, for example, twelve lichomaniac dolls necessarily "lived" and protected the owners from various illnesses: Avvareush, Glazey, Deaf, Yellow, Karkush, Ledey, Nemea, Ogney, Otpey, Pukhley, Tryasei, Khrapush. Conspiracy dolls were placed in a row behind the stove and kept until the church holiday of the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos - April 7 (March 26, old style). On the eve of the Annunciation, at night, fever dolls were burned along with old straw beds, with human ailments and diseases.

At the time of the general struggle against paganism and ignorance, in order not to get into an unpleasant story, these dolls were modified and turned from twelve into one. They called her - the "vesnyanka" doll.

They used the amulet doll when they wanted to get rid of some misfortune. They took her in hand, turned her counterclockwise three times and said: "Turn away, turn around good." When quarrels arose in the house, a doll was used to sweep away “dirty linen in public”.

In most cases, the doll is the image of a woman, a goddess. But the man also "had the honor" to use the power of the doll. A woman gave a doll to a man when he went to war or was just getting ready to go. It was believed that the doll guards the man and reminds of the house, hearth.

Each mistress in the house in the "red corner" had a doll. In some huts, there were at least a hundred dolls. “Not a difficult matter, given not to everyone,” they say among the people. Firstly, in order for your doll to come out strong and well, you need a certain skill. And secondly, the main art was the ability to dress up a doll. Here the whole fantasy of the little dressmaker was used. It is known that doll dresses were sewn for a reason, but with meaning. Red should always be present in the outfit - the color of the sun, warmth, health, joy. And they also believed that it has a protective effect: it protects from the evil eye and injuries. Each locality had its own methods of making dolls. For example, in our area (the Finogorsk group), the peasants dressed poorly, not brightly, and therefore the dolls were not bright. Many mascot dolls were carefully kept in the family, passed down from generation to generation along with the traditional methods of making them. And when the time came, grandmother took out of the treasured chest of magic dolls, colorful scraps, skeins of thread and began to teach her granddaughter the ancient art of puppet needlework.

Various magical properties were attributed to dolls: they could protect a person from evil forces, take on illnesses and misfortunes, and help a good harvest.

Today, interest in folk art is unusually great: circles of folk toys are being created, exhibitions of folk art are organized, festive festivities are reviving, elements of Russian folk costume are unexpectedly reflected in high fashion.

Let's try and make a doll - a charm with our own hands. This activity is very useful and exciting for children.

Chapter 2. Traditional technologies of making amulet dolls

2. 1. My first dolls

Having studied the literature on this topic, having visited the city exhibition of folk crafts and got acquainted with the hand-made works of my leader, there was a great desire to make amulet dolls with my own hands. On the recommendation of the head, I organized the work on making dolls as follows: o prepared several white and colored cotton rags of different sizes; o simple threads and floss; o "mess" for stuffing; o instructions for making dolls.

Making dolls is not an easy task. The "angel" doll turned out to be less difficult to make, but at the same time it is quite original. Like many dolls, she has her own story. In many provinces of Russia, such a doll was made as a birthday present. In our area, this doll is better known as the "Christmas angel".

It is made from a simple 15x15cm piece of white fabric. without the help of a needle, only tying the flap with thread. The flap is folded diagonally in half. A lump of tangled threads is laid in the center of it. It is covered with thread in the center of the flap. Two opposite edges are straightened to the sides, the other two down. With a white thread, the folded flap is pulled in the middle, applying a belt, then crosswise across the doll's chest. The side edges are spread with wings. The doll is ready. The "angel" doll became my first handmade doll.

After this doll, others appeared - "swaddling clothes", "kuvadki", "Vepsian", "wedding couple", "martinichki", "insomnia". Almost all amulet dolls are made in a knotted way. The manufacturing technology of "Kuvadok" and "Vepsian dolls" is described in detail in the appendix.

The most difficult doll to make was the “wedding couple” doll. This pair of dolls is special. In the Russian wedding tradition, at the head of the troika, taking the young couple to the groom's house after the wedding and after the church, a couple of dolls were hung under the arc of the team: the Bride doll and the Bridegroom doll, so that they averted unkind glances at themselves. This tradition is partially supported in our time. The dolls have one common hand so that husband and wife walk hand in hand through life. The dolls can be freely moved along the "hand". This is necessary to ensure that there is always a place between the dolls for future children - “martinic” dolls.

The work of making amulet dolls is fascinating and interesting. So far, my dolls are not as good as I would like.

For me, these dolls are my favorite, because they are made by hand. They keep the warmth of my hands and carry a lot of meaning. The attractive facelessness of dolls will ward off illnesses and misfortunes from my family. After all, if you believe in the protective abilities of the doll, then it will become a "talisman".

In the future, I plan to continue making dolls. Perhaps, play dolls will also appear in my collection.

2. 2. Do-it-yourself beauty

At the second stage of our work, we invited students of grade 3a to answer the questions of the questionnaire. We were wondering if the guys are familiar with the history of the folk doll, if they have a desire to make amulet dolls with their own hands.

24 students took part in the survey. We processed the questionnaires and found out that today's third-graders have meager ideas about the folk doll, its history of appearance in the life of a person-22 people. Some children have a talisman doll at home - 5 people. , but their purpose is not known to them. Most of the boys were not interested in the puppetry. Only 15 students of the class showed interest in making amulets dolls.

At the technology lesson, I told the children about folk dolls, focusing their attention on amulets. The story was accompanied by a show of dolls made by me. The guys listened attentively and looked at the amulet dolls with genuine interest. Most of all they liked the "Vepsian" doll, or "cabbage". It was her guys who wanted to make it with their own hands. The boys were also interested in the job.

The order of work, I commented on each action for making the doll and showed how to fix the details correctly so that the doll turns out to be okay and neat. The necessary material (colored and white scraps of fabric, threads) were prepared by me in advance. Sequentially, step by step, the guys connected the details of the future doll using traditional technologies for making amulet dolls. The guys were passionate about their work, helped each other, shared their impressions.

"Beregini" turned out to be bright, interesting and unique. Each doll is as individual as any work of art.

To create an exhibition of our handmade dolls, we used cloth-covered tablets. Everyone wanted to take part in organizing the exhibition. The dolls were attached to the canvas and signed so that parents and children would know the author-creator of the doll. At the end of the work, the guys wrote a review.

The guys and I decided to constantly replenish the exhibition with new dolls. Parents can also take part in it.

Initially, it was planned to hold a master class on making dolls for grade 3a students only. But, children of other classes, after visiting our exhibition, also expressed a desire to learn the history of the folk doll and make it with their own hands. My classmates willingly volunteered to help teach similar lessons for first and second grade students.

Younger schoolchildren were asked to make an "angel" doll. It is easy to manufacture and does not require any special skills in applied art. The guys turned out to be very responsive, asked questions, were attentive and active. The offer to organize an exhibition of their handmade dolls was refused. Everyone wanted to take the doll home, give it to their loved ones.

In the understanding of a modern student, a doll is a toy for girls.

Only knowledge of the history of folk dolls, traditions and life of the Russian people helps to broaden the horizons of students on this topic, to draw attention to the study of the life of our ancestors, to instill elementary skills in applied art for making dolls.

Conclusion

The shelves of modern stores delight the eye with the perfection of a variety of doll products. Such dolls are admired, decorate the interiors of apartments, children play with them. But the most beloved doll will always be only one that is made with your own hands, enlivened by your own inspired fantasy. It is folk dolls that carry such personality traits.

Having touched the history of the emergence of the folk doll, we understand that the doll at all times served as a means of educating and developing a person, carried the good and warmth of human hands. She was a toy, a talisman, a symbol of ritual actions. Many national traditions of our ancestors have been forgotten. With the help of our work, we increased the interest of students in folk culture, turned to the origins of the creation of the amulet doll. They studied traditional technologies for making amulet dolls, mastered the basic skills of applied art.

Perhaps the object of my next research will be a play doll made using traditional technologies that have come down to us from time immemorial.

In the traditional view of modern man, the word "doll" is associated primarily with children's play. For a child, she is a model and a reflection of the surrounding world. But it was not always so.

A traditional toy in the life of the Russian countryside, even in the poorest peasant families, has long been a rag doll. In other houses, up to a hundred of them accumulated. The child's skill was assessed by adults. The doll was considered as a standard of needlework, and teenage girls often took dolls to gatherings along with the spinning wheel. They were used to judge the skill and taste of their owner. In puppet games, children involuntarily learned to sew, embroider, spin, comprehend the traditional art of dressing. Toys were never left on the street, were not scattered around the hut, but kept in baskets, boxes, locked in chests. They were taken for harvest and gatherings. Dolls were allowed to visit, they were put in a dowry. Almost all village festive rituals were played in puppet games. In a village doll, a female image was preferred, even in children's games, if a doll-groom or a man was needed, they just took a chip. Like other peoples, Russians put a certain meaning into a toy. She was endowed with the magical power of fertility. The very image of a village rag doll is close to folklore: "White-faced, busty, braid up to the waist, and dressed up anywhere." Here the beauty of the girl materialized in a doll that corresponded to the symbol - the beautiful image of girlhood.

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Master class on creating a Russian traditional doll "Wellbeing"

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Mip things: a doll in a person's life

Introduction

The world of the doll is a kind of workshop, where, like "haute couture" in fashion, the most unusual and amazing images are created, feeding with ideas the boundless wealth of dolls. The creative searches of the masters are centered around the main idea in the art of dolls - the idea of ​​resemblance to a person. Should a doll be our copy, or, on the contrary, is in its nature the ability to do what a person is not capable of?

In its 30-thousand-year history (and this is how many researchers determine the age of the doll), the doll, as a children's toy, appears least of all. Dolls were idols, mannequins, interior decoration, philosophical model. The potential of the doll is enormous, and contemporary puppeteer artists have yet to discover new facets and possibilities of this theme.

The doll appears from the imagination and by the will of its creator - man. She finds life, absorbing the originality and special features of the people who made her. She is one of the main values ​​of folk culture. To date, in modern society, unfortunately, the connection between generations and many traditions has been lost, therefore, individual enthusiasts are engaged in the manufacture of dolls.

The most inspired doll designs are created by children. We can say that the doll is a mediator between the worlds of adults and children. This is the only role of the doll unchanged throughout the history of human existence. Playing with a doll helps children learn about the world of adults, and for an adult it is an opportunity to get in touch with the world of childhood. Modern stores offer an endless variety of doll products. According to statistics, a large third of purchases in toy stores are made by adults for themselves. Adults use dolls to decorate the interior, collect collections. They are also used in some areas of psychotherapy. That is, in today's world, the doll performs its functions that are significant for the harmonious existence of a person. But often, the most beloved doll is the one that is created with your own hands. Despite her seeming imperfection, lack of symmetry or a perfectly executed face, there is something in her that makes her heart warmer and feels what can be called a soul.

1. The role of a ritual, traditional doll in the life of the Russian people

A doll - a toy-man - has a special meaning in the tradition of the people, where ideas about the woman, the progenitor of all living things, are preserved. In the external appearance of female characters of different peoples, breasts and wide hips are clearly identified. Often, the image of women with a baby in their arms, as symbols of fertility, childbearing and motherhood - the main natural and social missions of women. Even before the birth of a child, women made crafts, presented them with dolls - bereginas, women in labor, deeply believing that they would protect the child. The archaic attitude to the doll, the helper and protector, is captured in fairy tales.

In Japanese, a doll is "ninte", which is translated as "an image of a person." Perhaps, you cannot say more precisely. The doll is the first among toys. She has been known since ancient times, remaining forever young. Its history can be traced from the time of the construction of the pyramids to the present day. In the ancient world, a doll was an image of God, a "double" of a person in the ritual of sacrifice, then a talisman. And even when she became a toy, for a long time, in the customs of ordinary people, a reverent, careful and respectful attitude towards her was preserved.

A doll is not born by itself: it is created by a person. She finds life through the imagination and will of her creator. As part of the culture of all mankind, the doll retains in its image the originality and characteristic features of the people who create it. It is the recognition of human traits that is the value of a traditional folk doll. Sacred and playful orientations coexist in Russian dolls. Simple artistic and expressive means of the doll make it possible, in children's games, to display with sufficient reliability the world of adults, in which the sacrament of birth played a leading role. The game reproduced the most significant events of life: birth and death, weddings, holidays associated with seasonal changes in nature, etc.

It should be noted that in the old days "doll life" was much richer in subjects. In the games of peasant girls, the dolls did not just “eat” and “sleep”, they “went to visit,” “celebrated weddings,” “nursed the children,” and in turn “died”. At puppet weddings they danced and sang songs, at funerals they cried. Faithful reproduction of the corresponding rituals in the game required a large number of "participants" - dolls, to whom certain roles were assigned. So, for example, in order to "play a wedding" according to all the rules, in the doll set it was necessary to have, in addition to the main figures - "the groom" and "the bride" - all their relatives, and first of all "mother-in-law", "father-in-law", "mother-in-law" , "Father-in-law", as well as "boyfriend" (friend of the groom), "bridesmaids" and, of course, "matchmaker" - an indispensable participant in an old wedding ritual. Such characters, as well as the game plots themselves, existed mainly in the villages, as they say, in the people's outback, in contrast to large villages and cities, where the original Russian tradition was early to be crowded out by the introduced European tastes and standards.

In Russian peasant families, playing with dolls was not considered empty fun. On the contrary, she was encouraged in every possible way. The peasants believed that the more and harder the child plays, the more prosperity there will be in the family and the more prosperous life will be. And if the dolls are mistreated, play carelessly and slovenly - troubles are inevitable.

The functional use of the doll was not limited to just playful actions. In traditional culture, it often acts as an object endowed with sacred properties, and, according to ancient beliefs, is capable of doing good or evil, depending on the forces that govern it. In the first case, a doll (no longer a toy) can be called a talisman, since its main purpose is to guard, to protect the owner from black magic. In order to separate the ritual dolls made for carrying out various magical actions from the play ones, the latter were deliberately not depicted with facial features. The facelessness of the doll - an echo of animistic beliefs - is generated by the fear of "reviving" a human figure by giving it a final resemblance to the original.

Dolls were given to each other as a sign of love and friendship. At the same time, it was believed that a gift made from a pure heart brings happiness, and with hidden hostility, it triggers all sorts of misfortunes and misfortunes. Therefore, in the manufacture of ritual dolls, it was unacceptable to use piercing and cutting objects that could injure a person. Rags and threads for future dolls did not need to be cut, but torn.

In some huts, there were at least a hundred dolls. Unlike grass or straw, the fabric is quite durable. Linen canvas items have been stored literally for centuries. This property of the material provided rag dolls with a "long life", which was considered very important in the old days, because then it was customary to pass them on by inheritance as a guarantee of happy motherhood and family well-being. They were kept in families, passed down from generation to generation along with the traditional methods of making them. Is it any wonder that, after the wedding, young women would bring with them to their husband's house whole baskets of such goods and continued to play with dolls until the birth of their first child?

And while the girl was little, her mother, grandmother and older sisters made dolls for her. They always found time for this, despite the hard work of the peasants. When the baby was five years old, and it was time to build the dolls herself, then the grandmother took out of the treasured chest of magic dolls, colorful scraps, skeins of thread and began to teach her granddaughter the ancient art of puppet needlework.

Each girl wanted to quickly make a doll, on which she could show her knowledge of costume and handicrafts, so as not to sit too long - to play with the little kids and get to the gatherings in time. They sewed dolls mainly during Christmas and Great Lent, and in the spring, after Easter, they walked around the village, boasted of sewn dolls, listened to what they said. They will praise which girl, they will definitely ask how many years old. If it is still too small, they will treat you to, caress. If the age has already approached (12 soon), then they promise to invite to gatherings with their needlework - to show themselves.

In some areas, these dolls even had their own name. The first doll is "simple-haired". The second is a "doll with a scythe." The third is a "young woman". The fourth - "smart doll" or "for snatching", she was the exam that separated childhood from adolescence.

Each locality had its own way of making dolls. The simplest dolls were made in Poltava, Kiev and Cherkasy regions. They took a piece of white cloth, put a ball of cotton wool in the middle and tied it with a harsh thread - the doll's head was ready. It remains to put a handkerchief on it, and tie bright shreds to the ends of the twist. That's the whole doll.

Very similar to a doll - a twist - a Vepsian doll. It differs from the twist with a pronounced social and gender identity - this is the image of a married woman. The details of the doll are not sewn together. It is made from scraps of worn-out clothes, and threads are pulled from it for tangling and tying together the details of the doll. This doll must have an apron with a belt and a scarf on its head. According to pagan beliefs, it was forbidden to depict a doll's face, therefore, instead of a face, you can see a pattern in the form of a cross, rhombus or square in homemade rag dolls.

Another of the simplest dolls is a swaddling doll. Such a doll was put on the newlyweds. It was believed that after this, maternal strength comes to the young wife. To confuse evil spirits, a swaddled doll was placed in the cradle of the baby, where it was kept until the baby was baptized. The doll was made from a piece of used homespun clothing. It was believed that with the native, homemade material, a piece of vitality is transferred to the doll. When making, the doll seemed to be repeating the sacrament of birth. The swaddling doll accompanied children's games as well. Various actions with the doll, involving communication, dialogue, stimulate, in particular, the development of speech skills, and repeated playing around of situations familiar to the child (“feeding the doll,” “the doll is ill,” “time to sleep") is a simple and natural way to consolidate the acquired experience.

In different areas, there were birth rites and their own dolls. For example, in the Oryol and Kostroma provinces until the middle of the 19th century, there was a rite of "kuvada", in which an active role was assigned to a man, the father of a child. He was present at the birth of the child and provided protection from evil spirits by performing magical actions. By the end of the 19th century, the origins of the rite were completely lost and forgotten, but the dolls remained. They were hung over the cradle of the baby after baptism, protecting him from evil spirits.

Another doll, very simple to make, is connected with the mystery of the birth and upbringing of a child - insomnia. When the baby began to cry for no apparent reason, the mother, in order to calm him down and protect him from evil spirits, quickly rolled a doll out of two scraps of cloth - a talisman and threw it into the cradle, saying:

Sleepiness - insomnia

Don't play with my child

Play with this doll.

Such a doll - insomnia remained in the house forever.

In the Starooskolsky region, “to protect herself from evil spirits, evil eye, damage, a pregnant woman always had to have objects with her - amulets. These, the old-timers say, are red woolen threads, ribbons, rags that she tied around her finger, arm, neck or belt. "

It is difficult for a modern person to imagine the life and traditions of a Russian village. On the one hand, it was filled with hard everyday work. On the other hand, riotous village holidays are well known. They were varied and numerous and subordinated to the calendar cycle of agricultural work. The ceremonies performed at the holidays were supposed to contribute to the offspring of livestock, a bountiful harvest, the health and well-being of members of the peasant family. These dolls include "Kolyada" - named after one of the ancient Slavic deities, which adorned the red corner of the hut on Christmas Eve.

March 14 (1) - the day of St. Eudokia was popularly associated with the image of Vesennitsa - she was in charge of the spring, she could hold back the spring water. On this day, horses were made of straw, which were attached to the ridge of the roof.

March 17 (4) - Gerasim Hrachevnik. On this day, the first spring birds returned - rooks. A rook's feather picked up on that day on plowing was considered a magical amulet and brought good luck in agricultural work. The feather was swaddled in a rag, like a doll, and tied with a belt. Such an amulet was worn behind the lining of the cap.

March 22 (March 9) - the second meeting of spring. They baked 40 figurines of birds - larks from the dough, made dolls of Martinichek. On the day of the holy great martyrs, clay whistles in the form of birds were made in the villages. It was believed that a whistle was used to drive away diseases.

Having counted forty days before Easter, appoint the last day of Maslenitsa. Russian Shrovetide has become synonymous with the widest, boundless revelry. She was called “honest”, “broad”, “cheerful”, “drunk”, “gluttonous”, “broad boyarynya”, “ruinous woman”. Shrovetide was the most cheerful, riotous, holiday in Russia.

Shrovetide was celebrated for seven days. Each day had its own name. The festivities ended with the burning of the Maslenitsa doll, made on the first day of the festive week. Shrovetide bonfires were very varied. They just burned a heap of straw. They burned a wheel dressed on a pole. They burned poles wrapped in straw and rags. In some places, they made a straw doll, dressed it in a woman's costume, walked with it around the village, and on the last day they burned, tore apart or drowned.

In different regions of our country, ceremonies were performed in different ways. For example, in the central regions of Russia the Maslenitsa doll was made by girls. They dressed up the doll in a sundress. In Siberia, the Maslenitsa doll was masculine and wore a shirt and ports. They acted differently with the dolls themselves on the last day of Maslenitsa. But one thing is undoubtedly common - in the widespread use of dolls in Russian traditional rituals.

Winter weddings were timed to coincide with Maslenitsa week. The Russian wedding was an interesting, bright, spectacular multi-day action. It was accompanied by a variety of symbols, which also included traditional dolls.

In the Russian wedding tradition, at the head of the wedding train, carrying the young couple to the groom's house after the wedding in the church, a couple of dolls were hung under the arc of the team: the Bride doll and the Bridegroom doll, so that they averted unkind glances at themselves. The dolls were made by bridesmaids from scraps of white, red and other multi-colored fabric, using scraps of multi-colored threads. The basis was a torch or thin flat sliver 25-30 cm long from any tree, except alder and aspen. Alder and aspen in ancient beliefs were associated with evil spirits.

The dolls have one common hand, so that the husband and wife walk hand in hand through life. The dolls can be moved freely along the "hand". With the birth of a child in the family, an inseparable pair of wedding dolls moved slightly to the sides, making room for the doll on the mighty parental shoulder. How many children are in the family, so many dolls on the shoulder of a wedding couple of dolls. An inseparable couple with their offspring flaunted in a place of honor - in a red hut in the corner under the icons.

A doll symbol was used to decorate the wedding table, which was called the Wedding Goose. This doll was a symbol of the groom and was made of straw in the shape of a goose.

The traditional decoration of a wedding feast was a wedding cake. A round wedding cake was baked in the bride's house on the wedding day. When the cake was ready, the bridesmaids abundantly decorated it with figurines of birds and animals baked from dough. Baked human figurines were often used in the design of the cake, symbolizing the groomsmen and bridesmaids. In the center of the cake stood a stuck birch spear, decorated with dolls depicting the bride and groom. Rohatyn had a deep symbolic meaning.

In the ancient beliefs of the Slavs, the world was likened to a tree, the roots of which symbolized the underworld, the trunk - the world of living people, and the crown - heaven. The birth of a new family was likened to the birth of the World Tree of Life, the mighty branches of which were to become a young couple.

The wedding cake was solemnly transported to the groom's house, where it became one of the main decorations of the festive table. Pieces of the pie were handed out to the relatives of the bride and groom, in which the unity of related families was seen, and the middle of the pie with the "World Tree" was received by the young. After the wedding, the World Tree took an honorable place in the hut next to other dolls kept in peasant families.

Through the study of traditional folk dolls, you can learn a lot about the life of the common people. The meaning of many rituals is now firmly forgotten, but in ancient songs, epics, folk tales, we often find mention of them.

2. A doll in world history

Once the teacher and educator of Alexander the Great, Aristotle, gave his student several wax dolls in a locked box. Handing over the box to the student, Aristotle strictly warned that he never parted with him and did not trust him to anyone except a faithful servant. He also conveyed to Alexander the magic words that he must utter when opening and closing the box with dolls. The figures depicted enemy soldiers lying face down, pointing swords at their chests, dropping spears and bows with a torn bowstring. Aristotle believed that these wax soldiers would help his student win battles. It is difficult to say how much the dolls helped Alexander, but in his life he did not lose a single battle.

Such dolls were often used by military leaders. True, not for magical, but for practical purposes of preparing for the upcoming battles. So the Prussian king Frederick II, with the help of a tin puppet army, taught his generals the tactics and strategy of warfare. The Russian Emperor Peter III, and Generalissimo Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, and the Emperor Napoleon also loved to play with dolls-soldiers. Over time, without leaving the sphere of its habitat - a cult ceremony, remaining a magical double, the doll also became a work of decorative and applied art. In ancient Rome, dolls close to decorative, interior dolls were called "larvae" (Latin Iarva - "skeleton"), they were made of wood, ceramics, silver. But the most expensive Roman dolls were figurines, the heads, arms and legs of which were carved from ivory. These are patrician dolls with dazzling white faces (tanning was considered the lot of slaves). They wore precious ornaments and the most exquisite clothes. Their limbs were attached to hinges, so that the dolls could be given any pose, play with them, creating a kind of model of life.

Both the pagan Roman "larvae" and the ivory dolls for children eventually turned into Italian crypt-figures or "presepio" (from the Latin "manger", "feeder"; they are also called "creeps", "santones" - "small saints ") - wooden and ceramic dolls from 40-60 centimeters with articulated joints of the limbs and head. Thanks to the precise calculation of the masters, these dolls perfectly hold any pose given to them. With the help of kripps, pictures on biblical and evangelical subjects were illustrated.

The dolls were placed in front of the altar, and the priest read the text from the New Testament.

In many Italian families today, sets of such dolls are carefully kept. They represent the Holy Family, the Magi; from time to time, household members change the poses of the dolls, which preserves the illusion of their secret, life independent of the person. This tradition was further developed in France, where such dolls are called "crèche" (fr. Crèche - "cradle"), in Germany and in many other European countries.

Over time, kreshi began to depict not only religious, but also secular subjects, gradually turning into a home collection of interior decorative dolls.

In ancient Rome, there was a custom, as examples of the current fashion, to send small (10-15 cm) clay figurines to numerous provinces. Both women and men each time expected new pandora dolls, announcing what they would wear in Rome in the coming season. Luxuriously dressed dolls served as trendsetters in medieval France, in Renaissance Italy. Even in the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries, wealthy ladies from Western Europe and the Russian Empire, as a rule, ordered such dolls from Paris, the capital of world fashion. Dolls were sent with sets of clothes for the coming season: for home, for recreation, social receptions. It is interesting that, according to tradition, they were purchased not one by one, but in pairs. One was for exit toilets, the other for home toilets. Depending on the price, they were made of wood, papier-mâché, plaster, porcelain, wax. European writers often reflected on the place of dolls in people's lives, and their works, in turn, became the basis for the creation of the original Pandora series. So the romantic writer Ernst Amadeus Hoffman has repeatedly turned to the theme of dolls ("The Nutcracker and the Mouse King", "The Sandman", etc.). His prose has become a source of inspiration for many, including contemporary puppet masters.

The first known author's doll was made in 1672 in England in the amount of 12 pieces. In the future, these limited edition dolls have become the same collectible as the piece dolls created in one copy.

The idea of ​​creating automatic dolls was carried away by people of science and art. Among the authors of unique dolls are Salvador Dali, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei. Particularly famous were the designer dolls of the watchmaker Jacques de Vaucanson, which he showed in Paris in 1738-1741 (a growth machine that played 11 melodies on the flute, and very accurately reproduced the movement of a person's lips and fingers. And the Swiss craftsman Pierre Jacques-Droz and his son In 1770-1774, Henri-Louis created a mechanical scribe - a doll with the face of a child, which sat at a table in front of a blank sheet of paper, dipped a quill pen into an inkwell and in clear, beautiful handwriting wrote phrase after phrase on the paper.

Henri-Louis Jacques-Droz, wanting to surpass his father, came up with a unique android-woman doll, more than a meter in size. She performed the most complicated piece of music on a freestanding organ, while her fingers masterly and accurately followed the score. Performing the next piece, the organist "breathed", and at the end of the performance she bowed in response to the applause of the audience. Father and son Jacques-Droz also invented an artist doll that could paint.

In the second half of the 19th century, a fashion for wax and portrait dolls appeared in England. One of the most famous Russian wax portrait dolls was the "Wax Person" - a mechanical automatic doll ordered by Empress Catherine I in memory of Peter I. The doll was sitting on a dais in the Imperial Memorial Office of the Winter Palace, leaning back in an armchair, and with wide eyes. But when someone dared to come closer to her than was supposed to, she suddenly got up and turned to the troublemaker, plunging him into horror.

The doll was molded from wax from an alabaster death mask by the artist and architect Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli. The body of the "wax person" was carved out of wood, the arms and legs were attached to the hinges.

In the 19th century, with the discovery of the secret of Chinese porcelain (mathematician and physicist Ehrenfried Walter von Chirnhaus from Saxony), dolls were made from this material. The first pieces of porcelain dolls were intended for royal courts, and in 1814, when the Sonneberg molder Friedrich Müller came up with his recipe for papier-mache (from the French Papier-mache - "chewed paper") - a mixture of paper pulp and kaolin, Germany became the leading country producing such dolls and remained so until the "vinyl revolution". Most of these unique designer dolls have survived to our time and have become the pride of museum and private collections.

There was not a single country or civilization that did not leave us data on the presence of dolls in human use.

Dolls are a common human language, accessible to everyone. They make it possible to understand without words the most complex secrets of the universe.

3. A doll in a child's life and its role in moral education

The doll performs an important function in the process of human socialization. The variety of roles attributed to a doll is endless. The doll personifies the image of a comrade, a friend, with whom comes "solitude together", an intermediary in communication, and at an older age becomes a symbol of childhood, love, affection.

For a modern child, a doll is a kind of symbolic partner for play, an object of emotional communication. The child learns to show care, empathize in all the puppet twists and turns that he himself creates in his imagination based on his feelings and experience.

Playing with dolls reflects those social relationships that affect the child emotionally in the first place. A doll is a kind of representative of a person in a game, which, according to the child's mind, must be protected. Children most often perform the functions of a guardian in games in which the role of children belongs to a doll.

Such a relationship with a doll gives the child the opportunity to "educate" himself and thereby transfer his knowledge, activate it, learns to argue, to exercise in the manifestation of moral qualities.

The doll - the oldest of all toys - appeared almost simultaneously with the appearance of man. And she was always by his side, taking on a wide variety of guises and performing any functions.

Play is an independent, independent activity of a child, in which he can realize his desires and interests. Role-playing game is at the center of a preschooler's life, it teaches and educates him, contributes to the formation of moral qualities. In play, children reflect the actions of people and their relationships. Throughout their preschool childhood, children play in the "family". This game reflects the moral feelings and experience of communication of the child with parents, loved ones, surrounding adults and peers. It is in such a game that the child learns those personality traits that are characteristic of kind people. The game of "family" allows the preschooler to take the place of the parents, thereby trying on their role for themselves. The most valuable for the formation of moral feelings are plots reflecting typical everyday phenomena, daily care of a small child and raising him in a family, taking care of his mother and other family members, family traditions, holidays, cultural recreation at home.

The doll has enormous pedagogical potential, contributing to the moral education of children. She develops in them an incipient parental feeling, is a communication partner in the game. Through games with dolls, children come to life as full members of society. A doll is an intermediary between adults and a child, since it allows an adult to control their behavior without coercion and violence over the feelings and desires of children. She can act as a substitute for a friend who understands everything and does not remember evil. The need for such a toy arises for every preschooler - not only for girls, but also for boys. Games with dolls allow the child to model ways of behavior, correlated with the norms and rules accepted in society, lead to the ability to evaluate their own and others' actions from this point of view.

Conclusion

Having touched the history of the emergence of the folk doll, we understand that the doll at all times served as a means of educating and developing a person, carried the good and warmth of human hands. She was a toy, a talisman, a symbol of ritual actions. Many national traditions of our ancestors have been forgotten.

Through my work, I tried to show the need to rethink the significance of the doll as a social phenomenon. I hope my work has clearly shown how important dolls play in the life of not only a child, but also an adult.

Literature

doll russian wedding picture

1. Kotova I.N., Kotova A.S. “Russian Rites and Traditions. People's Doll ". - SPb. "Parity", 2005. - 240 p. P. 78-83

2. Levkievskaya E "Myths of the Russian people"; M; Astrel, AST 2002 p. 39-42

3. "Do-it-yourself beauty." - Moscow, Children's literature, 1987 p. 29-36

4. Yurina N.G. I get to know the world: Children's encyclopedia: Toys. - Moscow, LLC Firm "Publishing house ACT", 1999 Pp. 103-105

5. "Russian Ethnographic Museum for Children", a methodological guide for teachers of preschool educational institutions in St. Petersburg, "Childhood - PRES" 2001, pp. 122-129.

6. Magazine "Folk Art" No. 3, 2003. "A doll for snatching" Nina Osipova, pp. 29-31.

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