Injury Prevention Memo. Methodical recommendations “Prevention of injuries among minors Remember, trouble is easier to prevent! One of the most important tasks for parents is to create a safe environment for their child in which they can

Dear Parents!

Protection of life and health of children - the most important task of both the state and each parent. In this connection, the issue of prevention of child injuries in everyday life is acute. Unfortunately, we, parents, cannot be with our children all the time, but our main task is to create a safe environment for the child, in which he will not put unjustified risks.

In only 9 months of 2016, on the territory of Gomel, children were instructed to 4609 injuries of varying severity, which is 14.5% more than in the same period last year. 1889 - these are traumas received by children in everyday life, the number of which also increased compared to last year.

As a result, injuries sustained at home in 2016 killed two young children, one of whom was 1 month old, and the second 1 year and 2 months old.

Among the most common traumas received by children in everyday life, it should be noted:

- burns resulting from contact with a hot stove, dishes, food, water, steam, iron and other household electrical appliances, as well as burns from contact with open fire;

- falling from a bed, stroller, window, chair, steps and so on;

- asphyxiation, as a result of small objects entering the respiratory tract (coins, buttons, beads, toy parts and others);

- poisoning with household chemicals (insecticides, detergents, bleaches and others);

- poisoning with drugs, including those left unattended;

- electric shock from faulty electrical appliances, exposed wires, from sticking needles, knives, knitting needles and other metal objects into sockets and wall wiring.

Sometimes the parents themselves are the culprit. Defective household electrical appliances, sockets, irons not turned off, curling irons, a cup of hot tea left on the edge of the table. All of this can cause suffering for children.

Let's take a closer look at the main dangers to children.

Thermal burns.

Burns, including burns from steam, hot drinks, or just water, are some of the most common injuries sustained by children at home.

Burns can be avoided if:

- keep children away from hot stoves, food, iron and other heating appliances;

- set the stoves high enough or unscrew the knobs of the burners so that children cannot reach them;

- keep children away from open flames, candle flames, bonfires, fireplaces;

- hide flammable liquids, matches, candles, lighters, sparklers and other pyrotechnic products from children.

As practice shows, most often children overturn on themselves, left by their parents unattended and in a place accessible to children, pots, kettles with hot water, cups of tea or coffee.

Poisoning with household chemicals and drugs.

Household chemicals, poisonous substances, including those designed to combat rodents or insects, drugs, acids and alkaline solutions should never be stored in food bottles - children may drink them by mistake. Such substances should be kept in tightly closed, labeled containers, out of the reach of children.

The poison is dangerous not only if swallowed, but also if inhaled, in contact with the skin, eyes and even clothing.

Medicines for adults can be fatal to children. Medicines should be given to a child only as directed by a doctor and in no case should he be given medicines intended for adults or children of a different age. It is necessary to store medicines out of the reach of children.

Choking from small objects or food in the respiratory tract.

Small children should not be given food with small seeds or seeds. Children should always be supervised while eating. Feed chopped foods to young children.

When knocking out toys for small children, give preference to those that do not have small parts. Do not leave small objects (buttons, beads, coins, etc.) in the reach of the child.

Coughing, noisy rapid breathing, or inability to make sounds are signs of breathing problems and possibly choking, which can have serious consequences. You should make sure that everything is fine with the child. The possibility of small objects getting into the child's respiratory tract cannot be ruled out, even if no one saw the child put something in his mouth.

Electric shock

Children can be seriously injured by sticking metal or other objects into electrical outlets (knitting needles, hairpins, scissors, nails, etc.). In order to ensure the safety of the child, the sockets must be covered with special fuses.

Electric wires must be kept out of the reach of children, and exposed wires are especially dangerous for them.

Safety rules for bathing a child.

In order to prevent accidents in the bathroom, it is better to install a lock on its door, which, if necessary, can be opened from the outside. Here are some rules to follow when bathing a small child:

-the most important rule: small children - a shallow bath. Bathing small children in a large bathroom is not safe. Baby baths, as well as mats or holders installed in them, which do not allow the child to slip under the water, will avoid tragedy;

-Try the temperature of the water with your elbow before lowering the child into it;

- do not add hot water when the child is in the bath;

-Never leave your child alone, even if he is bathing in a baby bath.

Falls.

From the moment a child begins to walk, he is exposed to various dangers. The task of parents is to eliminate all sources of danger, as well as create the free space necessary for the normal development of the child, movement without limiting curiosity (for his age) and interest in what surrounds him. Unreasonable safety measures should be avoided, as this can negatively affect your children and make them insecure, unable to overcome even minor difficulties. But there is no need to provide them with excessive independence, since children left unattended are more susceptible to dangerous accidents.

In the hall, bedroom, children's room, the child spends most of the time, therefore, fragile or dangerous furnishings should be removed from the furniture so that there is no need to constantly monitor him and regularly prohibit him from doing something. The child has the right to some freedom and autonomy in order to develop harmoniously.

-the corners of furniture are the main cause of bruises, so it would be good to cover them with foam rubber on adhesive tape;

- the child's seat must be firmly supported and equipped with a safety belt;

- leaving the apartment or returning home, do not roll the stroller in the child along the stairs, because even when wearing safety belts, he can fall out of the stroller;

-windows can be a source of danger for the child, but since they cannot be kept locked all the time, it is necessary to monitor them;

-Do not allow children to put a chair or stool and climb onto the windowsill;

- terrace, balcony where children play must have a good protective grill, very high and with narrow spans.

Dear Parents!

Remember, trouble is easier to prevent! One of the most important tasks of parents is to create a safe environment for their child in which he can develop harmoniously.

Take care of your children!

Prevention of injuries and sudden death syndrome in children of the age group up to 3 months

In children under three months of age, the most common injuries and conditions leading to death are falls, food aspiration, skin burns, and sudden death syndrome.

Prevention of sudden death.

• Put your baby to sleep only on his back.... In the prone position, the chest excursion is limited due to the pressing of its front surface against the mattress. In addition, in a baby sleeping on his stomach, his head is turned to the side, which can impair the blood supply to the brain and lead to oppression of the respiratory center.

• Use a firm mattress with a tight elastic sheet... Lace quilts can block your baby's airway while sleeping.

• The distance between the rods of the bed should be optimal. so that the child does not fall out and get stuck between them.

• During sleep, the child should not wear scarves, clothes or hats with ties, bibs. Nipples or toys with laces are not allowed.

Prevention of asphyxia (strangulation).

What should be done if the child spits up?

• Before each feeding, lay the baby on his stomach so that excess air comes out of the stomach.

• After each feeding, keep the baby in an upright position ("column"), pressing his tummy against you, until the baby belches up excess air.

• If the baby is in a hurry and swallows air during feeding, then it is necessary to interrupt the feeding and help the baby to regurgitate this gas. You can then resume the feed that was interrupted earlier.

• In cases where the mother holds the child in a "column", and the air still does not leave, it is necessary to put the child in a horizontal position for a few seconds. Then the gas in the stomach will be redistributed, and when the child is transferred back to the upright position, the air will easily come out.

• Never put your baby on its back immediately after feeding! It is necessary to put the baby so that rib cage and the head was slightly tilted to the side (place a diaper under the barrel). At the same time, if the child spits up, the milk will not enter the respiratory tract.

Fall prevention

• Always seat your toddler when using high chairs or carriers.

• When placing your child in the carrier, place it only on the floor and not on a chair, table or any other furniture.

• Never leave your child alone on an elevated surface (bed, sofa, armchair, changing table).

Prevention of burns

The thin skin of babies is more susceptible to burns than the skin of adults. It affects faster, deeper and at lower temperatures.

• There should always be a thermometer in the bathing tub (bathing temperature 37-38 degrees). Bathe your baby in a baby bath.

• Never

• The temperature of the water for drinking and food for the child (mixture, etc.) must be strictly controlled and should not be higher than 40 degrees.

• Never drink hot tea with a baby in your arms!

• First aid for burns - cooling the burnt surface with water at room temperature (18-20 degrees) for 15-20 minutes. In this case, it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance!

Grow healthy!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 4-6 months

In connection with the growth and development of the child, an increase in mobility and emotionality, the nature of the injuries expands and changes its spectrum.

• 4th month - fall very typical for this age ... Therefore, never leave your child alone on any elevated surface.

• 5th month - this age group scourge burns. Therefore, never place or leave dishes with hot drinks or food within the reach of the child.

• 6th month - frequent falls from the crib... That's why the distance from the mattress to the top of the crib must be at least 53 cm.

Children's room safety

• Use in a baby bed gently fitted mattress... When lifting the side rails, secure them with latches.

• Under no circumstances you should not sleep in the same bed with a child.

• Don't use pillows for children under 12 months.

• Do not use heating pads when caring for a child.

• Do not put your baby to sleep near any heat source- near heating appliances, in direct sunlight, etc.

• Do not use water bed, pillow or others household items with a soft surface that can cause asphyxiation (suffocation) of the child.

• Lay your child on their back before falling asleep. or better on the side.

Children's clothing safety

• Use envelopes for sleeping... Children early age twirl and throw back the blanket during sleep.

• Caps and hats with ties should not be used.

• Avoid using clothing or accessories with tightening elements... Remove laces from clothing. Do not wear necklaces, rings, or bracelets on children.

• Use non-flammable pajamas.

• Never support the bottle while feeding. Do not leave your baby alone while feeding.

• Never hang around your neck child items(for example, a dummy) on a ribbon or rope, which tightening into the loop, can cause asphyxiation.

Safe transportation of a child in a vehicle

• Use only approved child seats that are appropriate for the age and weight of the child.

• Sit the children on seat right: it should be addressed against the movement car.

• Never do not plant a child or infant for yourself on knees while traveling in a car or truck.

• In the car all passengers must be fastened.

• Do not leave child in the car one.

• Control the temperature in the car, especially in summer.

Always be there!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 7-9 months

Your child has grown up, has become more active in learning about the world, sitting on his own, getting up and even walking, holding onto the support! Your attention to the baby should triple!

At 7-9 months, new dangers await him - for example, aspiration of foreign bodies into the airways.

Therefore, toys should be free of small parts, and the floor is clean, without foreign objects (buttons, coins, beads, batteries, pins, etc. should be removed)

This age group is also characterized by burns, cuts, bruises, poisoning... Don't leave your child alone in the kitchen. He should always be in your field of vision. Do not leave any particularly hazardous items at the edge of surfaces. Remove the tablecloths. Cook food on distant burners. Remove knives, scissors, forks and other sharp objects, as well as matches, ashtrays, lighters. Be sure to turn off the gas. Insulate all sharp corners of furniture, fix cabinet doors, windows, entrance and balcony doors. Remove chairs, armchairs, sofas from windows. Cover heating radiators with grates or furniture.

To avoid poisoning- do not leave available medicines, cleaning agents and any other chemical agents. Keep them securely locked out of the reach of children.

Do not store medicines in purses.

Kitchen and bathroom safety

• Dangerous objects and phenomena, hot drinks and food, knives and electrical appliances should be out of reach of children.

• While cooking, Place the handles of pots and pans out of the child's reach.

• Use the seat belts in the highchair.

• Set the temperature of the water heater to no more than 45 ° C. Make sure the bath water is warm, not hot

• In the first 5 months of life, bathe your baby in a baby bath... For older children, use a large bath seat.

• Pour into the bath not a large number of water.

• Never do not leave the child alone in the bath... Before bathing, prepare all the necessary items and store them within easy reach. If you have forgotten something, then do not leave the baby alone. Wrap it in a towel and take it to your room.

• After bathing and all procedures are necessary remove water from the bath immediately... Keep toilet lids, toilet doors, bathrooms and laundry rooms closed at all times.

Toys

• Keep small items out of the reach of your child..

• Remove packaging carefully before giving the toy to the child.

• Wash toys regularly.

• Musical pendants for cribs must be installed out of the reach of the child... They must be removed when the baby begins to sit on its own.

• Buy certified, non-flammable, washable and non-toxic toys.

• Toys must be appropriate for your child's age... Make sure that little ones do not play with older siblings' toys. Their toys can be dangerous to children under 3 years of age.

• Give the children for orientation or play only safe items.

• Explain the purpose of the items household items.

• Never immerse electric toys in water.

Poisoning

• If you suspect that your the child has swallowed some dangerous substance, do not try to induce vomiting or give your baby a drink that has been swallowed without first consulting a doctor. Contact the ambulance service immediately!

• More than half of all childhood poisoning is due to accidental medication. Keep all medications (even vitamins) out of the reach of the child... Do not call medicines "candy", because this can provoke an interest in the child.

• On cabinet doors that store household chemicals and medicines, install special locks or locks.

• Keep small electronics and gadgets (alarm key fobs, watches, remote controls, flameless candles, laser pointers, flashlights, and the like) that contain lithium batteries, out of the reach of children.

• Open water sources(even a barrel or bucket of water in the backyard) must be securely fenced because they can cause a child to drown. In the presence of such sources near children requires special attention and constant monitoring... Tragedies by the water tend to happen silently and for a short period of time (less than 1 minute).

Always be there!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 10-12 months

As your baby grows up, he becomes more and more independent. And this means that he needs close attention so that he does not get into trouble because of his curiosity and activity.

In the age group of 10-12 months, incidents related to falls, poisoning and still burns come to the fore in the causes of injuries and accidents.

Household chemicals

If you put a bottle of detergent on the top shelf or closed it in a cabinet, this does not mean that the child will not find it and will not knock it over on itself. In this case, the chemical can get into delicate skin baby, in the eyes or mouth, while completely catastrophic consequences are possible not only for the child, but also for the whole family.Therefore, always remove household cleaning products out of the reach of children.... Storage areas for hazardous substances of any origin and purpose must be equipped with reliable systems of protection against unauthorized access (locks, bolts, etc.).

Toys not for age and sports equipment

A particular danger is created in cases where there is an older child in the house who is left without proper attention from adults. Folding puzzles, collecting constructors and playing with toys containing small parts, he can unwittingly become the culprit of the tragedy (aspiration of foreign bodies and possible asphyxiation, as well as the ingress of foreign bodies into the gastrointestinal tract, ear, nose, etc.). It becomes very difficult to completely isolate a young child from dangerous objects.

For the same reasons, bicycles, dumbbells, jump ropes and other sports equipment and equipment also pose a potential danger to children.

Ladies handbags

Coming home from work, sometimes not assessing the possible danger, the bag is left unattended on a chair, chest of drawers or on the floor. But inside there are many objects dangerous for the child: nail scissors and other tools, all sorts of little things and even lipstick with nail polish and liquid to remove it, often medicines, etc. All this, once in the hands of a child, can lead to very sad consequences ...

Potted plants

The child can be injured by a falling flower pot, which is poorly located on the windowsill. Soil from a pot containing fertilizers can be a source of poisoning or a foreign body in the nasopharynx, stomach, ear, eye. And indoor plants, which sometimes turn out to be poisonous, can be deadly for a baby if he decides to taste their leaves or bright flowers.

Pet food

A bag of dog food and bowls from which pets eat are usually always on the floor - in the public domain, not only for animals, but also for the baby, who, possibly, will try to taste their contents.Create safe pet conditions for your baby.

Home security

• If the child's means of transportation around the house are walker, then install this device away from stairs, heating appliances, dangling wires or window cords.

• Install special protective grilles on the windows... They must be equipped with emergency release devices in case of fire.

• Secure furniture in place(especially tall cabinets), appliances and any other objects that may tip over and fall.

• Make sure that children's toys do not contain small parts and details which the child can tear off and inhale, or try to swallow.

• Diet for children under 5 years old should not contain round products of dense consistency(can cause obstruction, or blockage, of the airways), such as cut sausages, kernels, caramels, grapes, corn kernels.

• Place wires and cords out of your child's reach... Move the crib, playpen, toys, and baby furniture a sufficient distance from these items.

• Periodically on all fours "walk" on the floor- so you notice dangerous objects faster that the child can put into the mouth.

• Baby car seats for children under 2 years old should be installed against the movement of the car. Before starting the car, make sure that the belt is tensioned enough to effectively fix the seat. Try to "pinch" the belt, and if a wrinkle has formed, tighten it. The car seat itself should not move more than 2-3 cm.

• Keep hot food, bulky objects, anything that might move around the cabin when braking, away from your child.

Take care of children!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 1-4 years

As for all children, there are risks for a child aged 1-4 years, predetermined by the level of the child's psychomotor development, as well as by the conditions and factors surrounding him.

Since the safety of children at this age largely depends on parents and caregivers, the main risks continue to be associated with inadequate supervision and insecurity of the conditions surrounding the child.

The increasing mobility and activity of children, their independence can cause them to find themselves in an unsafe place and position.

Toddlers love to pick up all sorts of items. The continued urge to taste everything creates a significant risk that these objects will end up in the child's mouth.

Small body size, as yet insufficiently developed speech, as well as inadequate perception of distances, predetermine the susceptibility of children of this age group to a particular risk of injuries associated with collisions with small pedestrians and their falls.

Drowning, road traffic injuries and burns are among the 15 leading causes of death in children aged 1-4 years. However, falls and poisoning are also responsible for a significant number of deaths, childhood disabilities and serious illness.

Be caring parents!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 5-9 years

The psychomotor development of children aged 5 to 9 has its own characteristics. Physical development progresses at the same time as the child's growing awareness of the capabilities of his body. Young intelligence is developing rapidly. Children quickly acquire language and communication skills. They are characterized by increasing independence and independence. They are less focused on themselves and more on others. They form friendships. At this age, children acquire a clearer awareness of what is good and what is bad, and also begin to understand what consequences this or that action can have.

• If you bought a bicycle, roller skates or a scooter for your child, be sure to buy and funds individual protection. The helmet is the only effective such remedy for traumatic brain injury. Take the time to instruct (clarify) on safety measures and monitor compliance with it.

• The child's clothes during skiing should be bright, always with reflective elements.

• The bike must be in good working order equipped with front and rear light sources. Before driving, check that the headlights are secure, the brakes, the gear shifter and the condition of the wheels are working.

• When riding a bike, teach your child make eye contact and serve hand signals to both drivers and pedestrians in order to be predictable for other road users.

• Children learn about their environment and often do it uncontrollably. They are not always aware of the risks associated with their behavior, or are not able to respond quickly to the risks that arise. Children are curious about the actions of adults, and they try to imitate them. Playing with matches or lighters is one example of a typical children's "game" can be fatal.

• The largest category of children injured in road traffic accidents are pedestrian children. Children aged 5-14 are most at risk of injury or death as pedestrians. Among the factors that increase the danger are the relatively small size of the body of children and their relatively less visibility on the road. In addition, the growing presence of children on the roads, which they often use for play, does not match their ability to assess the strength of oncoming traffic and make safe decisions. Adolescents are more at risk if they are prone to risk-taking behavior on the road and / or are influenced by their peers.

Safe transportation of children in the car

Child car occupants are another group of road users suffering from road traffic injuries.

• In a car, a child can sit in an adult seat only if his height exceeds 140 cm and his weight is not less than 32 kg. If the baby is already too big for a portable child seat, but has not yet grown to an adult, you need to use a booster (a car seat without a backrest).

• Baby car seats for children under 2 years old should be installed against the movement of the car. Before starting the car, try to "pinch" the belt, and if a fold has formed, tighten it. The car seat itself should not move more than 2-3 cm.

• If the child uses an adult seat, he must wear regular seat belts. The top of the strap should go over the chest and shoulder child, and not cross his neck, but the lower part should lie on hips rather than cross his belly.

• Keep hot food, massive items, everything that can start moving around the cabin when braking, away from the child.

Open water sources

• Open water(even in a regular barrel or bucket) in the garden must be absent or securely fenced, because the child can fall into it and drown. Open water sources require constant adult supervision.

• More than half of parents are convinced that if a child has learned to swim, he does not need supervision when he is near the water. In fact, 47% of drowned children between the ages of 10 and 17 had swimming skills.

• Tragedies by the water tend to happen silently and for a short time (no more than 1 minute). Therefore, while observing your child, do not be distracted by reading books, talking on the phone and other activities.

Take care of creating a safe space for your child!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in children of the age group 10-14 years old

The increased independence that adolescents possess, coupled with a lack of confidence and a tendency to be influenced by peers, can lead to decisions that expose younger children to adolescence higher risk of injury. Moreover, many children of this age bear an adult responsibility, despite the fact that, in accordance with their level of psychophysical development, they are not yet able to avoid risk or not put others at risk. Do not leave children in “nannies” with younger children!

Life safety training is needed. As these adolescents are characterized by increasing independence and the need to make responsible decisions, they must be aware of the potential risks and ways to protect themselves and others from injury.

A second important component of injury prevention for this age group is the provision of personal protective equipment such as helmets and car restraints, including active parental involvement in teaching how to use such equipment.

Finally, it is important to create the conditions so that these children can play safely, as well as move safely between home, school and other centers of activity within their communities. Injuries in children 10-14 years old:

• road traffic injuries;

• drowning;

• burns;

• falling;

• poisoning.

Help your child learn the skills of confident behavior!

Prevention of injuries and accidents in the age group 15-19 years

At the age of 15-19, the risks of injury are associated with an almost adult level of responsibility and the ability to make independent decisions. As always, the danger posed by the surrounding reality predetermines the risk of injury, but to a much greater extent risk behavior and the potential for injury are predetermined by the independence of adolescents of this age, combined with their inherent tendency to fall under the influence of peers.

Since such adolescents use the roads significantly more often, road traffic injuries becomes the most common type of injury. There has been an increase in the number of road accidents involving inexperienced or young drivers.

Drowning- This is another mechanism of trauma, common among adolescents aged 15-19 years. Increased independence of adolescents, their propensity for risky behavior, in particular those associated with the intake of alcohol or other drugs of a narcotic nature, and much greater access to water bodies during work or play.

Burns, falls and poisoning are also common patterns of injury at this age, with poisoning in older adolescence often associated with alcohol or drug abuse. Be attentive, listen to children and love them. “Disliked” children tend to get into trouble more often!

Love your children!

The information was prepared by a paramedic-valeologist Center for friendly teenagers "Teenager" Gavrilova N.V.

The guidelines set out the basic principles of work on the prevention of child injuries among underage students. Guidelines on the prevention of injuries among minors consider possible situations of behavior of juvenile adolescents associated with extreme situations, entertainment. V modern view such entertainment may be associated with snagging. These guidelines consider the problems associated with the personal development and formation of juvenile adolescents, their involvement in such dangerous activities as "catching". possible ways to resolve them and methods of preventive work in this direction.

In accordance with the Federal Law of June 7, 2017 No. 120-FZ "On Amendments to the Criminal Code Russian Federation and Article 151 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of additional mechanisms to counteract activities aimed at encouraging children to suicidal behavior ", provides a separate criminal article for involving a minor in committing acts that pose a threat to his life.

Features of adolescence

Modern adolescents have personal and individual characteristics that determine the manifestation of deviations in their behavior and grouping into associations of adolescents with similar characteristics.

Modern adolescents in communication, spending free time, self-affirmation can react to the environment due to little experience in different ways, not always from the correct life position.

Among adolescents, there are groups that can be closed to the environment, are able to isolate themselves, commit hooligan acts, including those of an antisocial orientation. Such actions pose a threat to the life and health of adolescents.

One of the main characteristics of adolescence is the entry into social life, the emergence of new responsibilities, an active desire for self-realization, for success in a specific type of activity. The teenager undergoes further development of mental cognitive processes and the formation of his personality, as a result of which his interests change.

The main personality contradictions in adolescence:

Between the need to show independence and the real possibilities of its implementation;

A teenager considers himself an adult, remaining a child according to his real strength ("I myself am an adult, and therefore I do not trust adults and they do not order me");

A teenager most of all needs a reference group, he wants to be a member of this or that social group, to be considered its full member, to live according to its laws. But it is the groups of adolescents who are the most closed and difficult to accept “newcomers”, which often creates a special space of loneliness around a teenager with communication difficulties;

Adolescence is characterized by the desire to defend their right to individuality and uniqueness, while simultaneously being "like no one" and "being like everyone else."

The main reasons for the interest of modern adolescents in hooking are their age-related development and social environment.

How is catching by underage adolescents understood?

Extreme behavior The behavior of a teenager on the railroad can take the form of hooking (or train surfing).

Hooking, or train surfing (from the English. Train surfing) - riding on the roof of transport trains (train, metro, bus), between or under the wagons.

Hooking is a socially dangerous phenomenon, similar to petty hooliganism, one of the manifestations deviant behavior youth. In modern conditions, catching affects the process of socialization, the formation of the "Image" I "of a fairly large number of young people.

Hooking is a youth hobby with its own traditions, unspoken rules of ethics, language of communication. Numerous groups of hookers communicate on the Internet, create communities, discussing train models, time and place of collecting hookers. They can upload videos and photos of accidents with cynical comments that only “non-professionals” are killed, etc.

In the opinion of underage adolescents, snagging can provide:

Getting pleasure from the speed and driving process;

Expansion of the overview of the surrounding area;

Possibility to travel with relative comfort when the car is overcrowded;

Opportunity to save on travel costs;

The ability to embark and disembark on the move of a train while moving at low speed, which allows you to catch a departing train or leave it before a full stop;

The ability to travel on a train that does not carry passengers (on a freight, postal or service train, on a single locomotive, on a passenger train on an official flight, etc.);

Increase in overall mobility when moving along the train (that is, the ability to get into the car from the outside when it is difficult to get into it through the doors, for example, due to severe overcrowding of the train, the presence of closed doors in inter-car passages, etc.) and the possibility to get into or out of a carriage by non-standard methods (through a window, rubber between carriages, etc.);

Development of general physical fitness, which can play a role in rescue in an emergency.

The tendency of adolescents to express themselves in the process of life in any way, including in an unusual way, as well as the craving for risk and adrenaline are normal for adolescence.

Young people themselves, according to polls and opinions on the forum, see snagging as an opportunity to prove to others that they can do more than simple people(go through the "hero's path"), find new sensations in one of the extreme sports.

Problems and dangers of snagging

None of the teenagers involved in this dangerous type of entertainment thinks about how dangerous such a trip in a rolling stock can become in any of the listed places. So, riding on the roof of an electric train, young people always remain in the "risk zone" of getting an electrical injury!

The numbers will be useful here. The voltage in the wires of the contact network is extremely high - up to 27,500 volts. For comparison, we can say that to stop the heart, contact of one second with a wire that is energized at 110-230 volts is sufficient. Without expecting an electric shock, you can take careless actions that will lead to instant death.

In addition, we must not forget that the train passes through the tunnels, under the trees. The speed of an electric train can be 60–80 km / h, so any obstacle that is unexpected for the "hook" that appears in the path of the train movement can lead to serious injury or death.

In addition, the Moscow region attracts "hookers" with high speed characteristics of modern passenger trains ("Sapsans", "Lastochki"), as well as difficult conditions for "catching" on them.

The high speed, streamlined shape of the roof, as well as the minimum number of protruding elements on it, make the "catching" process even more extreme, and therefore more interesting for teenagers. It is worth stumbling or slipping, and it will be almost impossible to resist. Even a strong gust of wind or sudden braking of the train can cause a fall from the roof.

The reason for the injury to the "hooks" when riding on handrails, coupling elements between cars is a simple inability to calculate their strength. To hold onto the protruding parts of the train, a sufficiently large physical force is required, especially since during the movement the train sometimes makes rather sharp accelerations and decelerations, it can be shaken at the rail joints. It happens that a child, physically not very prepared for loads of such intensity, simply gets tired and quickly breaks down.

The protruding elements of the driver's cab of an electric train (windshield wipers, elements of lighting devices, coupling) are also one of the most dangerous, and it does not matter whether the "hooks" decided to ride in the first or last carriage. The air flow to the front or rear of the train is extremely high. In addition, behind the last car, when the electric train moves, turbulence of the air flow occurs. It becomes very difficult to hold on under such conditions, especially for a small person who still does not know how to calculate his strength.

Prevention of snagging

One of the conditions for increasing the effectiveness of preventive work is activities whose tasks include the formation of positive individual interests of the teenager's personality and positive emotional development taking into account his needs:

- in an adult, but not in every adult (building a special relationship with a teenager in a preventive space - a relationship of creative interaction);
- in heroes (a teenager will look for an idol to follow, and this idol most often becomes the one who, without regretting bright colors and strong emotions, talks about his "high-profile cases");
- in a group of peers as a natural environment of normal development;
- in cooperation with other people;
- in protecting the rights to bright and strong emotions, adventures, romance, hobbies and interests;
- in equal family relationships.

For the purpose of prevention, teachers have three specific tasks:

1. Pedagogical education of parents in relation to the characteristics of adolescence.
2. A certain substitution of parents in those cases when they do not want and cannot take the position necessary for the development of a teenager.
3. Protection of the minor from the cruelty and indifference of the adult world.

Such activity presupposes a special arsenal of means and methods of preventive action.

Methods for the prevention of extreme behavior in minors

Both teachers and parents of adolescents should take part in the prevention of extreme behavior in minors. It is possible to prevent the development of extreme behavior in adolescents with the help of preventive measures, shaping the legal consciousness of minors.

Teachers need:

Conduct preventive conversations with minors about the consequences of snagging and the real dangers of extreme hobbies in general;
- educate parents (about the age characteristics of adolescents, youth, the role of the family and family education, forms of adolescent leisure);
- use visual materials in the process of information education for adolescents (creating an archive of printed, video and photographic materials on the prevention of child injuries at transport facilities, metro, etc.);
- carry out joint preventive work with employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in transport;
- organize conversations, lectures, open lessons in schools and children summer camps with the screening of films according to the rules for finding citizens on the railway tracks;
- v educational activities use preventive programs that have a clear theoretical justification for the phenomenon of catching, supported by empirical data;
- develop and implement preventive programs and projects that contribute to the formation of safe behavior;
- develop and implement preventive programs and projects that promote the involvement of minors in socially significant projects;
- to promote the acquisition by minors of the social experience of vocational guidance related to the activities of the railway;
- to promote the creation of volunteer teams from members of informal associations;
- organize leisure activities for minors, which will focus on interactive activities, quests, game trainings, family games, etc.

The role of parents is especially important, they see their child every day and can immediately understand that some changes have happened to him. If a child comes home late, a specific smell of technical grease emanates from his clothes, which covers some parts of trains, it is time to "sound the alarm."

Parents need:

Have conversations with your children about the real dangers and consequences of extreme hobbies in general and hooking in particular;
- to teach children safety rules on the railway;
- offer your children a “healthy alternative”: include them in sports, social events, etc .;
- to ensure the organization of leisure activities for their children, which will focus on interactive activities and game trainings.

The presence of various circles and sections within the walls of the educational organization, sufficient physical and mental stress outside school, and most importantly, the parents' interest in the development of their child, constant contact with him may well become a “universal recipe” that will allow avoiding such a dangerous hobby as hooking.

What not to do

In relation to a teenager, the use of only prohibitive measures is useless, since the specifics of age will lead to internal protest and an increase in interest in extreme forms of behavior.

There is only one conclusion - always look for an alternative.

In order to activate preventive work in this direction, it is necessary:

- to increase the level of interaction with public formations dealing with the problems of adolescents and the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in order to improve operational awareness of juvenile offenders who consider themselves to be informal groups of "catching";

To intensify the work on the organization of targeted preventive measures at the most criminogenic and traumatic service areas;

To carry out joint interdepartmental operational and preventive measures aimed at timely detection and suppression of the facts of snagging.

Basic methods of work:

Identification of places of leisure of youth, located near the railway, informing police officers about them; suppression of the facts of finding minors on railway tracks, since walking on the railway tracks is the main cause of injuries, especially if adolescents are wearing headphones or in a hood;

Timely suppression of hooking when a citizen tries to climb onto a train when approaching (or when jumping off a train) on the platform of a railway station;

When identifying adults who are engaged in catching or involving minors in these groups, it is necessary to carry out explanatory preventive work aimed at the emergence of a psychological factor of guilt in an adult for the possible death of a minor and the termination of this type of activity;

Conducting explanatory work in educational and social institutions, actions on the streets;

If adolescents who consider themselves to be hookers are identified, during a conversation or testing, it is necessary to carry out preventive work aimed at forming a healthy life position and stopping this activity;

If a teenager engaged in catching is identified during a joint raid with police officers and when this teenager is brought to administrative responsibility, it is necessary to conduct psychological and social work, as well as involve this teenager in socially useful life at the place of residence and study.

1. Liseenko VI Conductor - an ally of a passenger: methods of preventing falls of passengers in public transport // Perspective directions of development of the motor transport complex: collection of articles of the International Scientific and Production Conference. - Under the general editorship of V.V. Salmina, 2016.

2. Lyubtsova AA Zatsepers, roofers, diggers - the problem of a megapolis, solutions. - M., 2013.

3. Mukhina VS Personality: myths and reality. - M .: Prometheus, 2016.

5. Rules for the use of public surface public transport (trams, trolleybuses, buses) in the city of Moscow, approved by the Decree of the Moscow Government dated 02.09.2008 No. 797-PP).

6. the federal law dated December 29, 2010 No. 436-FZ (as amended on June 29, 2015) "On the protection of children from information harmful to their health and development" [Electronic resource] - Access mode: URL: www.base.consultant.ru (date of access : 03/21/2017).

7. Fedunina N. Yu. Principles of psychological prevention of injuries in transport (on the example of the phenomenon of catching). - M., 2016.

Internet resources

1.http: //www.fcprc.ru - Center for the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Children, Moscow;

Under the term "injury" understand the prevalence of injuries among a certain group of people, is in the same working conditions, everyday life or life. To prevent injuries, the causes and circumstances of the occurrence of injuries, their frequency and nature of damage are studied, psychological characteristics people and factors that cause accidents. The importance of the issue of injuries is due to the fact that about 6% of the total population receives some kind of damage to the body during the year.

Distinguish the following types injuries:

• production (industrial and agricultural);
• injuries on the way to and from work, as well as when performing community assignments or public duties;
• non-production injuries - road transport, street, sports, children, household;
• criminal (intentional).

Injury on the way to and from work

This type of injury, as well as accidents that occur when performing official assignments or public duties (on fires, earthquakes, protecting people, etc.), are distinguished into a separate group because for all days of disability due to such an injury, the victim is paid 100 % of basic earnings. All these cases are investigated by insurance agents on behalf of the trade union committee of the enterprise, they draw up an act. Medical workers keep records of patients' data and make sure that there is no transfer of occupational injuries to this group

Non-work-related injuries

Non-work-related injuries account for more than half of all injuries. The greatest attention should be paid to road traffic injuries, characterized by a large number of severe injuries and significant mortality, as well as children, which threatens injury from childhood itself.

Road and street injuries

Accidents occur when vehicles hit pedestrians and cyclists, collide with oncoming traffic or hit an obstacle, overturn cars, motorcycles, etc. The mechanogenesis of trauma is varied and the timing is difficult to determine, but in most cases it is typical.

The severity of injuries depends on the design of the vehicle and the speed of movement, the area of ​​impact of the body, age, general condition of the victim, etc. When hitting a pedestrian or cyclist as a result of a direct collision, bruises and bone fractures occur, and in the event of a fall, trauma to the skull and brain. When struck by a bumper, "bumper" - double - fractures of the shin or hip bones often occur. If the car runs over a person, the severity of the injury is due to a fracture of the pelvic bones or ribs and damage to internal organs.

Street pedestrian injuries occur on unlit, disordered streets, most often during icy conditions. Depending on the mechanogenesis of the fall, slaughter, sprains, dislocations and bone fractures occur. As a rule, the area of ​​the ankle joint is injured - sprains and fractures of the ankles. Somewhat less often, fractures of the radius occur in a typical place or in both bones of the forearm, rarely - in the tailbone, ischial bones, etc. Very often the cause of road traffic injuries is the state of alcoholic intoxication of the victims.

The term “road accident” is not entirely accurate as this type of injury can be prevented.

Prevention of injuries in children and adolescents Trauma is usually understood as a set of injuries that have arisen in a certain group of the population over a limited period of time. He always accompanies a person, being a consequence of the interaction of people with the environment. Causes of injuries in schoolchildren and ways to prevent them. In terms of frequency, certain types of injuries in our country are distributed as follows:. household,. production,. road transport,. street,. agricultural,. sports,. other types. Bone damage. Bones are very strong and can withstand heavy loads, but overuse can split, break or shift relative to each other. About half of all injuries occur in the highly mobile shoulder joint. In addition, there are injuries:. fingers, usually - the first joint of the finger,. for example by hitting a ball; ... elbow joint - with an unsuccessful fall on the arm,. jaws - as a result of blows or even dental treatment; ... knee joint, usually as a result of an accident where a twisting force is exerted on the knee, such as when descending a mountain. Contusions and closed injuries. Most bruising and other bruising injuries occur after being hit with a blunt object. Bruises that appear when hitting the edge of a table, falling, etc. are almost never detrimental to health and can be successfully treated at home. However, there are times when you need to take them seriously and see a doctor, because:. a large bruise may indicate a serious subcutaneous injury, fracture, or trauma to an internal organ; ... bruises that appear for no apparent reason may be the first signs of a serious illness; ... if bruising occurs with the smallest bruises, this may be a sign malnutrition or a deficiency in the body of necessary substances; ... if the bruise continues to increase after 24 hours or no improvement is noticeable, it means that the body is undergoing processes that require medical intervention. Prevention of bruises and closed injuries. In most cases, you can prevent bruises and closed injuries by paying more attention to your behavior, following a diet low in fat and high in coarse fiber foods, and exercising regularly. Stretching and tears (tears) of the muscles. Common in athletes. Rotation, jumping, twisting can damage muscles and ligaments. The result is pain, swelling, bruising, and a gradual decrease in mobility in the affected area. The stretched muscle usually continues to function, but it hurts. If a tendon is ruptured, then the person will not be able to perform certain movements. Ligaments can also be damaged as a result of a sudden fall or sudden movement, then swelling and soreness appear around the joints. Prevention of damage to muscles and connective tissues. Cramps and sprains during sporting events can often be prevented by doing a warm-up to warm and stretch the muscles. 5 minutes of light warm-up is enough for their temperature to rise to 38 ° C, and blood circulation improves. Smoking and other bad habits impair blood circulation and increase the likelihood of injury. After physical activity, exposure to cold, cold drinks should be avoided. This measure also helps prevent seizures. Eye injuries. As a rule, they occur as a result of a burn or hit foreign body... They are accompanied by a sensation of pain, visual impairment may occur. Most often, you have to deal with eyelashes, specks of dust, wood or metal shavings that have got into your eyes. The eye is often able to get rid of a foreign body by itself, removing it along with tears. Burns. Burns are caused by contact with heat sources such as open flames, hot liquids, steam, hot objects, solar radiation, and chemicals (internal or external exposure). They can occur when exposed to electric current and radiation. Burns are the most common injuries that require medical attention. Food poisoning. Food poisoning is associated with the consumption of contaminated or improperly processed meat of poultry, animals and fish, toxic products, for example, some mushrooms and berries, canned with violations of the technology of cooking meat, fish, vegetables and fruits. Prevention of food poisoning. Most food poisoning can be prevented with simple precautions:. cut food and cook food with clean hands; ... keep tables and boards on which food is prepared, as well as kitchen utensils, keep clean; ... do not use in food, products from bloated cans, as well as those that smell and appearance suspicious; ... keep meat and poultry in the refrigerator, do not let them and any other perishable food stay at room temperature for more than 2 hours; ... after cooking, there should be no pink streaks in the meat, and the fish should be freely separated from the bones: a well-cooked poultry has clean juice, and the meat does not contain pink spots and seeds; ... pay attention to the shelf life of canned foods. Frostbite. Exposure to cold winds at temperatures below -6 ° C is a serious hazard to the body and can lead to frostbite. Most often, fingers, toes and parts of the face (ears, cheeks and nose) are frostbitten. The prevention of frostbite consists in the use of clothing that reliably protects from the cold, and proper nutrition. In cold weather, dress in layers, in water-repellent and wind-proof clothing and waterproof shoes; wear at least 2 pairs of socks and mittens rather than gloves. Please note that wool and down garments are warmer than other fabrics. Protect yourself from the cold with nutritious foods rich in carbohydrates, proteins (legumes, nuts and seeds, root vegetables, chicken, fish and whole grains). It provides the body with a large number of calories. Animal bites. Animal bite injuries are similar to wounds with torn edges or punctures, but to this is added a high probability of infection, since the animals' mouths contain a huge amount of bacteria and viruses. Among them there may be extremely dangerous pathogens of rabies, tetanus. Preventing animal bites. Learn to handle unfamiliar dogs and cats with care. Do not try to approach wild animals at all. Never go near dogs when they are eating, mating or fighting. Keep in mind that large dogs are more dangerous than small ones, and shepherd dogs bite more often than others. Prevent your cat or dog from licking open wounds in humans. Be aware that any wild animal that allows itself to be approached is usually sick. Take care of yourself and your loved ones! We are for it healthy image life ... And you? Regulatory and legal documents that ensure the work on the prevention of injuries.  The Constitution of the Russian Federation.  The Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fundamentals of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation" Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 17.07 1999 No. 181-FZ (Article I :).  RF Law "On Education" (Chapter III, Article 32, Clause 22).  Law of the Russian Federation "On physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation", dated April 29, 1999, 80-FZ.  Sanitary rules and norms: SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for learning conditions in educational institutions".  Construction norms and rules: SNiP 11-65-73, SNiP PM-3-68 and SNiP P-L-P-70.  State educational standard of the Russian Federation. • Safety instructions developed locally for a variety of activities.  Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of July 23, 1996 N 378 "On labor protection in the education system of the Russian Federation" (as amended on April 22, 1997)