Hemoglobin during pregnancy: norm and deviations. Hemoglobin during pregnancy: norm and deviations Consequences of hemoglobin deviations from the norm

During pregnancy, women regularly undergo certain studies and take tests. One of the most important indicators to be monitored is hemoglobin level. After all, hemoglobin is a blood protein that carries oxygen to all cells of the body, which is necessary for full-fledged metabolism, growth and tissue renewal. This is especially significant during pregnancy, since the unborn child is entirely dependent on the supply of oxygen to the mother's body.

Hemoglobin gives blood its red color. The combination of heme, which consists of an iron ion, and globin protein, folded into a special design, allows you to carry oxygen on yourself and eliminate carbon dioxide from tissues. Hemoglobin in the body is packaged inside red blood cells called erythrocytes. Therefore, the level of hemoglobin almost directly depends on their amount in the blood, in turn, the content of red blood cells depends on the full functioning of the bone marrow.

Changes in hemoglobin levels during pregnancy are associated with that in the body of the future mother, a third, additional circle of blood circulation is formed - placental. It is due to the active movement of blood in the placenta that oxygen is supplied to the fetus and carbon dioxide is released to them. Therefore, in a woman, the volume of blood circulating through the vessels increases, which leads to a change in the level of hemoglobin.

Normal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy

During pregnancy, hemoglobin levels may decrease. This is natural, since there is an increase in blood volume due to its liquid part - plasma. On average, the amount of blood to meet the needs of the placenta and fetus increases by an average of one liter. However, the decrease in hemoglobin should be small and gradual, since a sharp drop in it will lead to anemia (anemia) and oxygen deficiency in the tissues of the mother, placenta and fetus.

The level of hemoglobin may begin to decrease with the active growth of the uterus, placenta and fetus: from 16-20 weeks of pregnancy. Until this time, the hemoglobin index in expectant mothers should not fall below 115 hl. Its normal level during pregnancy is considered 106-140 hl, although many obstetricians and gynecologists consider the lower limit of the norm 110 ch. In any case, the data of the analysis must be evaluated based on the content of iron in the body, the total iron-binding capacity of the serum and the ferritin transport protein. The state of health of a woman is of great importance: if she has never suffered from anemia, a level of 105 hl can be considered quite normal. While in an initially anemic mother, in giving birth with a short interval, in a vegetarian or a woman with some kind of chronic disease, a hemoglobin level of 110 and below will already be a sign of danger.

Low hemoglobin in pregnant women

A drop in hemoglobin below 105 hl is considered anemia. At the same time, obstetrician-gynecologists consider an indicator of 106-110 hl to be pre-anemia and prescribe iron preparations as a prophylactic course to replenish its reserves and prevent a further drop in hemoglobin. According to the severity of anemia are divided into three groups:

mild anemia with hemoglobin levels from 105 to 90 hl,
anemia of moderate severity with a hemoglobin level of 89 to 60 hl,
severe anemia with a hemoglobin level of 59 hl and below.

The main reason for the development of anemia is most often iron deficiency due to its insufficient intake from food: due to a predominantly vegetarian diet, following diets, etc. Also, a problem can arise during pregnancy in a woman who has a hidden iron deficiency: when its reserves in the body are practically exhausted with sharply increasing costs for the needs of the baby. The causes of iron deficiency can also be small, but frequent blood loss - bleeding from the gums, hemorrhoidal, menstrual, a short period of recovery of the body after blood loss in previous births.

Another cause of anemia can be a deficiency or a vitamin deficiency, which is rare. But such anemia is more severe, affects the hematopoiesis and development of the baby.
Also, a decrease in hemoglobin develops as a result of acute blood loss: with partial placental abruption, with bleeding from wounds, with increased destruction of red blood cells due to their hemolysis or impaired synthesis of red blood cells by the bone marrow. But this rarely happens during pregnancy.

Manifestations of reduced hemoglobin in pregnant women

Symptoms of anemia will depend on the level of hemoglobin in the blood: the lower it is, the stronger and more acute the clinical manifestations will be. Usually, with hemoglobin from 105 to 90 hl, pregnant women experience practically nothing but the usual sensations of pregnancy. Although there may be increased drowsiness and lethargy, pallor.

Symptoms when the hemoglobin level drops below 90 hl:

severe weakness and fatigue;
waxy pallor of the skin, lack of blush, pallor of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity;
dizziness, fainting, poor tolerance to hot and stuffy rooms;
shortness of breath and palpitations at the slightest exertion, when walking, changing body position;
headaches, insomnia;
exfoliating nails, split ends and dry hair, problems with teeth;
desire to eat inedible things - chalk, earth, whitewash, gnaw raw potatoes, sniff solvent, gasoline.

During pregnancy, against the background of low hemoglobin, difficulties may arise: growth and developmental delay of the fetus, the formation of defects, the threat of interruption, premature birth, postpartum hemorrhage.

Ways to increase hemoglobin during pregnancy

The main way to increase hemoglobin levels during pregnancy is to take iron supplements in tablets or capsules. With their poor tolerance or a very low level of hemoglobin, an injectable form of drugs can be used. Taking medications should be long-term, systematic, since hemoglobin rises slowly - no more than 1-2 units per week. The drugs are prescribed in therapeutic doses until a normal level of hemoglobin is reached, and later, to replenish iron stores in the body, for another one to two months in prophylactic doses.

Tablets should be swallowed between meals with water or fruit juices. Iron preparations are categorically incompatible with milk and dairy products. But vitamin C and folic acid increase the formation of red blood cells, so they are often prescribed in combination.

Equally important is a diet rich in complete animal proteins: meat, offal and fish. Useful buckwheat, rye bread, eggs and pomegranates, nuts, spinach and beets. However, it is worth remembering that only dietary correction with a decrease in hemoglobin is indispensable: during pregnancy, anemia requires taking iron-containing drugs.

Increased hemoglobin during pregnancy

Exceeding the norm of hemoglobin above 135-140 hl during pregnancy, called erythrocytosis, is also not considered normal. It occurs as a result of a sharp increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood volume. Such a condition may be relative, that is, as a result of the loss of blood plasma while maintaining the number of red cells, for example, , with dehydration or swelling. Also, erythrocytosis can be absolute - as a result of bone marrow irritation and increased production of red blood cells. This usually occurs with neoplastic processes, severe pathology of the heart or lungs.

Monitoring of hemoglobin during pregnancy must be carried out constantly. Usually, hemoglobin is checked in a general blood test, which is taken from a finger. Usually, a laboratory test is carried out in a woman at the first visit to a gynecologist, and later - if the indicator deviates from the norm - by the decision of the doctor, but at least once a month. Regular examination is especially important in the treatment of anemia and monitoring its effectiveness.

Hemoglobin- a protein contained in erythrocytes, it can form an unstable temporary compound with oxygen and carbon dioxide, that is, it is an intermediary in the process of tissue respiration.

Low hemoglobin during pregnancy: consequences

A decrease in hemoglobin during pregnancy can lead to the following troubles:

with insufficient quantity metabolic processes slow down, cells divide less frequently, get rid of waste substances worse. All complex biochemical reactions are weaker or go in a roundabout way;
baby growth slows down, the immune system develops weaker, this threatens with frequent illnesses in the future, after birth;
the baby is born with a low birth weight, worse adapts to the new environment of life;
higher risk of birth complications, for example, weakness of labor activity, a tendency to longer;
woman recovering slowly after childbirth, it is difficult for her to take care of the baby due to rapid fatigue.

What is the norm?

What is the normal level of hemoglobin during pregnancy? It is believed that normal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy- 120-140 g / l or 12-14 units. Permissible fluctuations of 10-15 g / l in one direction or another.

With such indicators, the tissues are sufficiently saturated with oxygen, and the viscosity of the blood is optimal, it calmly passes through the smallest capillaries.

During pregnancy, a woman's heart provides blood flow to both the mother's body and the placenta, so the amount of fluid in the vessels increases.

The influx of additional volume occurs mainly due to plasma, which “dilutes” the blood and a natural decrease in hemoglobin occurs. But if there are no health problems, the food is sufficient and complete, this deficit is quickly eliminated.

Second critical period- after 20 weeks of pregnancy, when the baby begins to grow very quickly, its own blood cells are actively produced, iron reserves are accumulated for independent living.

The mother's body shares its reserves with the child, and if there are enough of them, everything goes well. If before that a woman was often sick, was on a diet or was fond of vegetarianism, then the hemoglobin level in a pregnant woman drops sharply.

What kind symptoms occur with anemia in pregnant women?

, drowsiness, fatigue.
susceptibility to colds.
fragility of nails and hair, dryness and pallor of the skin.
decreased mood, sleep disturbance.
dizziness, frequent.

How to improve performance?

Low hemoglobin during pregnancy should be raised. Treatment Methods low (reduced) hemoglobin during pregnancy depend on the severity and degree of reduction.

With a mild course, the hemoglobin level is about 100 g / l you can try first adjust the routine and nutrition. Sufficient sleep, fresh air, a reasonable amount of physical activity is essential for good health and successful therapy.

Balanced diet. If you disassemble the word “hemoglobin” itself, you will notice that the second part, “globin”, speaks of its protein origin, but iron is contained in the first part. Therefore, without a sufficient amount of protein in food, even the most modern drugs will be ineffective.

Iron is also preferred over animal origin, of the richest elements of buckwheat, a very small amount of it is absorbed.

Medical treatment. Iron-containing tablets or syrups are prescribed, in severe cases (rarely) injection solutions are used.

Taking these drugs requires the right combination with food. Basic Rule- do not combine them with milk, so if milk porridge is planned for breakfast, it is better to drink medicines at another meal.

But the digestibility of products that contain vitamin C and. Often they are additionally prescribed by a doctor.

Here main products, without which the expectant mother should not do:
From the plant kingdom:

grains and legumes: buckwheat, beans, wheat germ;
fruits and berries: pomegranate (with caution when frequent), apples, peaches, apricots, quince. If you are not allergic to citrus fruits, you should definitely eat them and drink fresh juices. Dried fruits also do not lose their effectiveness, the only thing you need to make sure that no chemical reagents are used when drying them;
vegetables and herbs: spinach, parsley, carrots, cabbage of all kinds and in any cooking option, beets, pumpkin, onions;
it is imperative for a pregnant woman to eat at least a few walnuts daily, natural also works well.

From the animal world:

lean beef and pork, beef tongue, fish, poultry;
rich in iron and vitamins egg yolks, caviar, liver. Light and tender curd protein will help the liver and is completely absorbed by the body.

The main thing in the preparation of the diet - sense of proportion and diversity. If signs of an allergy or intolerance appear, it is worth finding out the product - the source of the trouble and avoiding it.

If hemoglobin is elevated

Sometimes, a little less often, there are situations when hemoglobin is elevated(above 160 g/l).

This is considered normal for women living in mountainous areas, as part of a system for adapting to rarefied air. The same indicators can be in those who, before the onset of pregnancy and during it, do not part with a cigarette.

During pregnancy, many factors affect its course. Therefore, at the very beginning, and then several more times in the process of carrying it, women take a general blood test, in which one of the main indicators is the level of hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin is an integral part of red blood cells, it is responsible for the circulation of oxygen in the blood from the respiratory organs to the tissues. In addition, with the help of hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is also transported from tissues to the respiratory organs.

The concentration of hemoglobin in human blood plays an important diagnostic role: according to this indicator, the doctor can judge the well-being of the state of the body of his patient. And during pregnancy, the level of hemoglobin becomes even more important.

The norm of hemoglobin during pregnancy:

In a healthy person, the hemoglobin level should be 120-140 g / l. However, during pregnancy, it can naturally decrease: the blood thins, its volumes increase significantly, and so on, which leads to a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in it. In a word, its level in the blood can fluctuate, which is quite normal for pregnant women. Experts provide the following figures for the quantitative norm of hemoglobin for pregnant women:

in the first trimester - 112-160 g / l;
in the second trimester - 108-144 g / l;
in the third trimester - 100-140 g / l.

Gynecologists and obstetricians recommend that all newly pregnant women and women planning to conceive take care of preventing a decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood during the period of bearing a child, because at this time women often develop anemia.

It happens much less often when the level of hemoglobin in the blood of the expectant mother exceeds the permissible threshold.

- high hemoglobin

It is not at all necessary that an elevated hemoglobin level is an alarming sign. Sometimes in pregnant women this happens in the first trimester and then goes away on its own, when the fetus begins to actively take from the mother's body the resources necessary for its growth and development. Also, you should not worry if the increase in this indicator is insignificant and is observed once. It will be useful to know that high physical activity and intense intake of rarefied air (as, for example, among residents of high mountainous regions) contribute to a natural increase in the level of hemoglobin in the blood. But sometimes this trend is associated with trouble on the part of the mother's body.

An increase in hemoglobin may indicate a lack of certain substances in the body of a pregnant woman, in particular vitamins B9 (folic acid) and B12. The latter may simply not be absorbed due to disruption of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.

High hemoglobin can be a symptom of diseases of the kidneys, heart, intestines or stomach. Although, it is possible that this is a hereditary feature of the woman's body.

This condition is a risk factor for the formation of blood clots, which is highly undesirable during pregnancy. Also, due to thickening of the blood at a high level of hemoglobin, it is not able to circulate normally in the vessels, due to which oxygen and nutrients may not reach the fetus in the right amount. And therefore, the doctor, most likely, will advise the pregnant woman to walk more in the fresh air, adjust her diet and drinking regimen.

An elevated hemoglobin level is said to be when it exceeds 150-160 g / l. However, more often the concentration of hemoglobin during pregnancy decreases.

- low hemoglobin

Very often, hemoglobin in pregnant women decreases somewhat by the end of the second, by the beginning of the third trimester - this is normal. But if you notice that the level begins to decline before the 24th week of pregnancy, then this indicates anemia. There are many reasons for this phenomenon: lack of iron, zinc, copper, as well as dysbacteriosis and nervous stress.

Doctors say about the development of anemia in a pregnant woman if the level of hemoglobin in her blood falls below 110 g / l. Most often, iron deficiency anemia develops in pregnant women, provoked by insufficient intake or insufficient own supply of iron. Approximately half of all pregnant women have low hemoglobin levels in the blood.

Depending on its concentration, several degrees of iron deficiency anemia are distinguished:

110-90 g / l - mild degree of anemia;
90-80 g / l - anemia of moderate severity;
70 g / l and below - a severe form of anemia.

A low level of hemoglobin leads to lethargy, a constant feeling of fatigue and a decrease in emotional tone. Further, it is even worse - shortness of breath, muscle hypotension, loss of appetite, indigestion appear. In addition, stomatitis, brittle hair and nails, dry skin, frequent respiratory diseases are possible. All these signs and phenomena indicate a lack of iron in the body. It is very important for a pregnant woman to replenish this deficit, the sooner. After all, subsequently, not only she suffers, but also her unborn child. A reduced level of hemoglobin can provoke the development of early toxicosis and late gestosis, premature onset of labor, and also often causes a lack of oxygen for the baby, which causes intrauterine hypoxia, and after birth, the baby may experience difficulties in the respiratory system and have insufficient body weight.

Products that increase hemoglobin during pregnancy

To correct the level of hemoglobin in the blood, consult a doctor: let him prescribe iron-containing preparations to correct the level of hemoglobin. But it is best to make up for the deficiency with the help, especially since there are a lot of products that increase hemoglobin levels:

Among the meat products: heart, kidneys, fish, poultry, tongue, white chicken meat;
Among cereals and cereals: buckwheat, beans, lentils, peas, rye;
Among vegetables and herbs: fresh tomatoes, potatoes, onions, pumpkin, beets, watercress, dandelion leaves, spinach, parsley;
Among fruits: red or green apples, plums, persimmons, bananas, pears, peaches, apricots, quince
Among the berries: blackcurrant and cranberries, strawberries, blueberries;
Juices include:(no more than two sips daily), beetroot, apple juice with a high iron content.
Besides perfectly raise the level of hemoglobin, black and caviar, various seafood, dark chocolate, dried mushrooms, dried fruits and hematogen.

To achieve the result, do not forget about, constantly do breathing exercises and gymnastics.

Finally, I would like to add a few rules for the proper assimilation of food so that it brings maximum benefit to the body.

First, remember that iron is best absorbed when consumed with foods that are rich in vitamin C, such as fruit and vegetable juices. To do this, it is better to pour the porridge that you eat for breakfast with orange juice or, for example, pour cutlets that you eat for lunch.

Secondly, do not drink black tea, it interferes with the proper absorption of iron. It is better to replace this tea with green tea.

Thirdly, during pregnancy, do not eat the liver, because it contains a lot of vitamins A and D. An overdose of these vitamins is possible.

Also, limit your intake of pomegranate juice as it can cause constipation.

In any case, it is better not to overdo it, because an excess of iron is as undesirable as its deficiency.

Specially for- Maryana Surma

Pregnancy- this is a special period in the life of every woman, when her body is most exposed to the influence of many external and hidden factors.

That is why every pregnant woman is required to take a blood test several times during her entire pregnancy.

Its result will tell the doctor about the general condition of the patient, and most importantly, about the amount of hemoglobin protein, which ensures the movement of oxygen in the tissues and organs of the body.

For all forty weeks, the amount of iron in the blood - it is one of the main indicators the state of the woman's body, the bearing and growth of the baby.

During childbearing, there are often fluctuations in hemoglobin levels associated with natural biochemical processes in the blood. Its quantity increases, it becomes more liquid consistency.

Iron deficiency in the blood provokes the development of anemia, which can seriously affect the normal development of the unborn baby, the course of pregnancy and the health of the woman herself. Timely preventive measures will help to avoid anemia, which, according to the results of the study, will be recommended by the attending physician.

As a rule, cases of reduced iron during pregnancy are noted much more often than its increase in this period.

Hemoglobin: normal for 1 trimester

The first trimester is the period from conception to 12 weeks.

Now it is especially important for the expectant mother to take care of a thorough strengthening of the body.

To replenish the supply of missing vitamins and trace elements will help a complete balanced diet. Folic acid is required.

In the absence of health problems, the hemoglobin rate in the first trimester should be not less than 112-160 g/l. With the amount approaching the lower mark, the doctor may prescribe special multivitamins intended for this period of pregnancy or drugs that increase iron levels.

Norm in the 2nd trimester

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period from 13 to 28 weeks. The rate of iron for this period is 108-144 g / l. Now there is a natural decrease in hemoglobin. The volume of blood becomes larger, which leads to its dilution. That is, the amount of protein does not decrease, but is only distributed to a larger volume of blood intended for the mother and the unborn baby.

To maintain normal iron levels in the expectant mother, recommended pregnancy diet. If necessary, take multivitamins.

3rd trimester

With the onset of 29 weeks, the last, third trimester of pregnancy begins.

By this time, the woman's body has already adapted to the needs of the emerging baby, and the hemoglobin rate stops at 3. value 110-140 g/l.

Given that it is in the third trimester that the peak of fetal growth activity occurs, it is necessary to control the volume of hemoglobin.

remains an integral part full menu, involving the use of foods rich in iron and long walks in clean air.

Decreased hemoglobin level

Most pregnant women experience a decrease in hemoglobin. This is considered a variant of the norm, provided that at least the 26th week of pregnancy has already come. A low level of this protein in the earliest stages indicates the onset of anemia.

Specialists highlight several main factors that cause a decrease in hemoglobin:

deficiency of iron and other trace elements;
dysbacteriosis;
stress, nervous tension.

It is stress that is considered the most common factor causing a drop in iron in pregnant women. And this is justified, because during pregnancy a woman becomes much more suspicious and prone to feelings.

When iron is lowered to the level below the limit of 110 g/l, anemia is confirmed. In more than half of the cases, it is anemia caused by iron deficiency. The volume of hemoglobin in the blood allows you to divide iron deficiency anemia into three phases of development:

A mild degree is diagnosed with an indicator from 110 to 90 g / l.
The average degree occurs when the hemoglobin content is from 90 to 80 g / l.
Severe anemia. The hemoglobin concentration is 70 g/l or less.

Signs and effects of low hemoglobin

By the first signs, a pregnant woman can easily determine the presence of developing anemia. The main thing is not to associate the malaise with a normal phenomenon during pregnancy and tell your doctor about it in time.

Anemia symptoms:

cyanosis of the lips and mucous membranes, circles under the eyes;
general weakness, dizziness, "flies" in the eyes;
fainting;
heart palpitations;
feeling of lack of air, heavy breathing;
pale skin;
migraine;
sleep disturbance;
fragility, dryness or hair loss;
change in appetite.

Against the background of severe anemia in a pregnant woman pathologies such as:

complicated childbirth;
premature birth;
fetal hypoxia, gestosis;
water leakage;
the death of a newborn within a day after birth.

As you can see, anemia is not such a harmless disease, so do not neglect its first symptoms. To control the level of iron, it is necessary to take all the necessary tests in a timely manner and follow all the recommendations of the attending physician.

Remember no way do not start taking iron supplements without a doctor's prescription, since the drug, the regimen of administration and its dosage are selected individually, taking into account each feature of the body of a pregnant patient.

Prevention of anemia

With reduced hemoglobin, the attending physician prescribes to the patient drugs that help replenish and maintain iron stores. In addition to drug treatment, the expectant mother is advised to reconsider her usual diet. In addition, replenishing the lack of hemoglobin with the help of balanced menu is the best and safest option.

Enough the following foods are fortified with iron:

Meat Key words: liver, kidneys, heart, poultry meat, tongue, fish.
cereals: barley, peas, beans, lentils and other legumes, buckwheat;
Vegetables: potatoes, onions, tomatoes, pumpkin, fresh herbs.
Fruits: green apples, persimmons, pomegranates, bananas, peaches, pears, apricots.
Berries: fresh blueberries and cranberries, currants.

Nuts, especially walnuts, caviar and seafood, rose hips, dark chocolate, dried mushrooms, dried apricots and other dried fruits are also a rich source.

Observing proper nutrition, you can achieve the maximum effect by observing the correct daily routine, while devoting most of the time to walking in the fresh air.

In order to get the most benefit from the food you eat, you should adhere to some rules for taking it.

First of all, iron will be better absorbed when using it Therefore, taking medications or foods rich in iron should be accompanied by taking vitamin C or foods containing it. For example, breakfast can be organized from porridge (iron) with orange juice (vitamin C), and for lunch, a meat dish with tomato juice.

Secondly, avoid drinking black tea.

This hot drink contains special substances that inhibit the absorption of iron by the body. Black tea can be replaced with green or fruit drinks.

Despite the fact that the liver is one of the richest sources of iron, during pregnancy it is better to reduce its intake, as it contains more vitamins A and D, which can lead to an overdose of these vitamins.

Pomegranate juice is also very useful during pregnancy, but drink a maximum of two sips a day, as its use can cause constipation.

Elevated hemoglobin

Along with low hemoglobin, there are cases of its elevated level. Most often, this condition occurs in the first half of pregnancy and as the baby grows. hemoglobin should return to normal.

A high level of it in the blood is observed with increased activity and with an intensive intake of a large amount of rarefied air (relevant for residents of mountainous regions). A physiological increase in hemoglobin does not require special treatment and is considered the norm.

If, with the onset of the second trimester, the level of iron still remains at a high level, then this may indicate certain pathologies in the body. For example, this could be deficiency of vitamins such as B 9 and B 12, the absorption of which may be impaired due to problems in the functioning of the digestive system.

In any case, this state requires mandatory supervision by a doctor.

It is especially important to start treatment in a timely manner, since due to the high content of hemoglobin protein, blood viscosity increases, its ability to move through the vessels decreases, which leads to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.

As a rule, elevated hemoglobin is confirmed at a level exceeding the value of 150-160 g / l.

If the volume of iron does not decrease, the attending physician prescribes the necessary vitamins, as well as daily walks in clean air and the mandatory correction of nutrition and fluid intake.

Every expectant mother should control her health, in particular the amount of iron in the blood. As we now know, an excess of hemoglobin, as well as its deficiency, can adversely affect the health of the mother and the development of the fetus. Therefore very it is important to conduct a clinical blood test in a timely manner.

Blood test

In order to get the most detailed and accurate picture of the health of the expectant mother and child, when donating blood, you should remember some rules.

Main rules for taking a clinical blood test:

Blood must be taken early in the morning, on an empty stomach. In special cases, it is possible to take blood at any time of the day, but not earlier than an hour after eating.
The day before the procedure, it is recommended to give up alcohol, fatty and spicy foods.
Half an hour before donating blood, you must abandon any load.
If you are taking any medications, you should inform the laboratory assistant about it.
During pregnancy, it is recommended to carry out the analysis in the same clinic.

As you know, the treatment of iron deficiency is carried out for at least 8 weeks.

For a successful pregnancy and the birth of a healthy baby, experts recommend conducting strengthening the body a few months before conception. But even in the case of an unplanned pregnancy, maximum attention should be paid to strengthening and maintaining health.

Proper nutrition, the rejection of vegetarianism, physical activity and regular walks in the fresh air are the key to a successful pregnancy and baby development.